References
Baig, M. K., & Wexner, S. D. (2004). Postoperative ileus: A review. Diseases of the Colon and Rectum, 47, 516-526. doi:10.1007/s10350-003-0067-9
Behm, B., & Stollman, N. (2003). Postoperative ileus: Etiologies and interventions. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 1, 71-80. doi:10.1053/cgh.2003.50012
Carroll, J., & Alavi, K. (2009). Pathogenesis and management of postoperative ileus. Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery, 22, 47-50. doi:10.1055/s-0029-1202886.
Chang, C. S., Ko, C. W., Wu, C. Y., & Chen, G. H. (2001). Effect of electrical stimulation on acupuncture points in diabetic patients with gastric dysrhythmia: A pilot study. Digestion, 64, 184-190. doi:10.1159/000048860
Chang, H. C., Liu, H. M., Li, Y. T., Chen, H. F., & Chou, P. H. (2006). The review of application of acupressure massage in clinical nursing care. Journal of Long Term Care, 10, 91-101.
Chen, J., Song, G. Q., Yin, J., Koothan, T., & Chen, J. D. Z. (2008). Electroacupuncture improves impaired gastric motility and slow waves induced by rectal distension in dogs. American Journal of Physiology Gastrointestinal Liver Physiology, 295(3), G614-G620. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.90322
Chen, J. D., Schirmer, B. D., & McCallum, R. W. (1994). Serosal and cutaneous recordings of gastric myoelectrical activity in patients with gastroparesis. American Journal of Physiology, 266(1), G90-G98.
Chen, J. Y., Wu, G. J., Mok, M. S., Chou, Y. H., Sun, W. Z., Chen, P. L., … Wen, Y. R. (2005). Effect of adding ketorolac to intravenous morphine patient-controlled analgesia on bowel function in colorectal surgery patients: A prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 49, 546-551.
Chen, L. L., Hsu, S. F., Wang, M. H., Chen, C. L., Lin, Y. D., & Lai, J. S. (2003). Use of acupressure to improve gastrointestinal motility in women after trans-abdominal hysterectomy. American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 31, 781-790.
Chen, L. L., Wang, C. C., & Tsai, H. C. (1998). Exploration of the effect in improving bowel sound of using acupoint massage on post-cesarean section women. Nursing Research, 6, 526-534
Chou, J. W., Chang, Y. H., Chang, C. S., & Chen, G. H. (2003). The effect of different frequency electrical acu-stimulation on gastric myoelectrical activity in healthy subjects. Hepatogastroenterology, 50, 582-586.
Delaney, C. P., Kehlet, H., Senagore, A. J., Bauer, A. J., Beart, R., Billingham, R., … Steinbrook, R. A. (2006).
Postoperative ileus: Profiles, risk factors, and definitions: A framework for optimizing surgical outcomes in patients undergoing major abdominal and colorectal surgery. Retrieved from
http://www.clinicalwebcasts.com/pdfs/GenSurg_WEB.pdf
Delaney, C. P., Senagore, A. J., Viscusi, E. R., Wolff, B. G., Fort, J., Du, W., … Wallin, B. (2006). Postoperative upper and lower gastrointestinal recovery and gastrointestinal morbidity in patients undergoing bowel resection: Pooled analysis of placebo data from 3 randomized controlled trials. American Journal of Surgery, 191, 315-319. doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2005.10.026
Iwa, M., Matsushima, M., Nakade, Y., Pappas, T. N., Fujimiya, M., & Takahashi, T. (2006). Electroacupuncture at ST-36 accelerates colonic motility and transit in freely moving conscious rats. American Journal of Physiology Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 290, 285-292. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00068.2005
Kharkevich, D. A., & Churukanov, V. V. (1999). Pharmacological regulation of descending cortical control of the nociceptive processing. European Journal of Pharmacology, 375(1-3), 121-131.
Lee, J. H., Hyung, W. J., & Noh, S. H. (2002). Comparison of gastric cancer surgery with versus without nasogastric decompression. Yonsei Medical Journal, 43, 451-456.
Liu, F. L., Lin, J. J., Ye, F., & Teng, L. S. (2010). Hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery versus the open approach in curative resection of rectal cancer. Journal of International Medical Research, 38, 916-922.
Ma, H. W., Chang, M. L., & Lin, C. J. (2007). A systematic review of acupressure for the application on nursing practice. Journal of Nursing, 54(4), 35-44.
Manning, B. J., Winter, D. C., McGreal, G., Kirwan, W. O., & Redmond, H. P. (2001). Nasogastric intubation causes gastroesophageal reflux in patients undergoing elective laparotomy. Surgery, 130, 788-791. doi:10.1067/msy.2001.116029
Meng, Z. Q., Garcia, M. K., Chiang, J. S., Peng, H. T., Shi, Y. Q., Fu, J., … Cohen, L. (2010). Electro-acupuncture to prevent prolonged postoperative ileus: A randomized clinical trial. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 16(1), 104-111. doi:10.3748/wjg.v16.i1.104
Ming, J. L., Kuo, B. I., Lin, J.G, & Lin, L. C. (2003). The efficacy of acupressure to prevent nausea and vomiting in post-operative patients. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 39, 343-351.
Murphy, D. B., Sutton, J. A., Prescott, L. F., & Murphy, M. B. (1997). Opioid-induced delay in gastric emptying: A peripheral mechanism in humans. Anesthesiology, 87, 765-770.
Nachlas, M. M., Younis, M. T., Roda, C. P., & Wityk, J. J. (1972). Gastrointestinal motility studies as a guide to postoperative management. Annals of Surgery, 175, 510-522.
Nelson, R., Tse, B., & Edwards, S. (2005). Systematic review of prophylactic nasogastric decompression after abdominal surgeries. British Journal of Surgery, 92, 673-680. doi:10.1002/bjd.5090
Rao, W., Zhang, X., Zhang, J., Yan, R., Hu, Z., & Wang, Q. (2011). The role of nasogastric tube in decompression after elective colon and rectum surgery: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Colorectal Disease, 26, 423-429.
Sagar, P. M., Kruegener, G., & MacFie, J. (1992). Nasogastric intubation and elective abdominal surgery. British Journal of Surgery, 79, 1127-1131. doi:10.1002/bjs.1800791105
Salimath, J., Jones, M. W., Hunt, D. L., & Lane, M. K. (2007). Comparison of return of bowel function and length of stay in patients undergoing laparoscopic versus open colectomy. Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons, 11, 72-75.
Shiotani, A., Tatewaki, M., Hoshino, E., & Takahashi, T. (2004). Effects of electroacupuncture on gastric myoelectrical activity in healthy humans. Neurogastroenterology and Motility, 16, 293-298. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2982.2004.00504.x
Takahashi, T. (2006). Acupuncture for functional gastrointestinal disorders. Journal of Gastroenterology, 41, 408-417.
Vermeulen, H., Storm-Versloot, M. N., Busch, O. R. C., & Ubbink, D. T. (2006). Nasogastric intubation after abdominal surgery: A meta-analysis of recent literature. Archives of Surgery, 141, 307-314.
Wilson, J. P. (1975). Postoperative motility of the large intestine in man. Gut, 16, 689-692.
Wolff, B. G., Pembeton, J. H., van Heerden, J. A., Beart, R. W., Jr., Nivatvongs, S., Devine, R. M., … Ilstrup, D. M. (1989). Elective colon and rectal surgery without nasogastric decompression. A prospective, randomized trial. Annals of Surgery, 209, 673-675.
Yang, Z., Zheng, Q., & Wang, Z. (2008). Meta-analysis of the need for nasogastric or nasojejunal decompression after gastrectomy for gastric cancer. British Journal of Surgery, 95, 809-816. doi:10.1002/bjs.6198
Yu, F., Takahashi, T., Moriya, J., Kawaura, K., Yamakawa, J., Kusaka, K., … Kanda, T. (2006). Traditional Chinese medicine and Kampo: A review from the distant past for the future. Journal of International Medical Research, 34, 231-239.