Kwekkeboom, K.L. (2003). Music versus distraction for procedural pain and anxiety in patients with cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum, 30, 433–440.

DOI Link

Intervention Characteristics/Basic Study Process

This intervention was music versus simple distraction and control (treatment as usual).

Sample Characteristics

The study reported on a sample of 58 patients with cancer having painful, cancer-related medical procedures.

Study Design

A randomized controlled trial design was used.

Measurement Instruments/Methods

  • Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S) pre- and post-procedure
  • Pain intensity (0–10)
  • Perceived control (single item, 0–10)

Results

There were no significant differences in post-procedure anxiety (no p values reported), pain, or perceived control across conditions.

Limitations

  • The study had a small sample size.
  • One-third of the sample used analgesics and anxiolytics.