Purpose/Objectives: To provide evidence-based research information about 31 herbs and natural products that have shown potential in early research to decrease cancer growth or as adjuncts with cancer treatment.
Data Sources: Names of herbs and natural products with potential to decrease cancer growth have been selected from listings in the Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database and Lawrence Review of Natural Products-Monograph System. Information about these herbs has been found in evidence-based studies cited in references.
Data Synthesis: In preliminary studies, 31 herbs and natural products appear to have potential for cancer treatment.
Conclusions: This preliminary evidence may be useful to healthcare professionals and patients with cancer.
Implications for Nursing: The information in this article is designed to provide quick access for healthcare professionals working in clinical oncology. Oncology nurses who have this information can become resources for patients and other healthcare professionals.
Aaseth, J., Haugen, M., Forre, O. (1998). Rheumatoid arthritis and metal compounds—Perspectives on the role of oxygen radical detoxification. The Analyst, 123, 3-6.
Akedo, I., Ishikawa, H., Nakamura, T., Kimura, K., Takeyama, I., Suzuki, T., et al. (1998). Three cases with familial adenomatous polyposis diagnosed as having malignant lesions in the course of a long-term trial using docosahexanoic acid (DHA)-concentrated fish oil capsules. Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology, 28, 762-765.
Anderson, P.M., Ramsay, N.K., Shu, X.O., Rydhom, N., Rogosheske, J., Nicklow, R., et al. (1998). Effect of low-dose oral glutamine on painful stomatitis during bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant, 22, 339-344.
Arinaga, S., Karimine, N., Takamuku, K., Nanbara, S., Inoue, H., Nagamatsu, M., et al. (1992). Enhanced induction of lymphokine-activated killer activity after lentinan administration in patients with gastric carcinoma. International Journal of Immunopharmocology, 14, 535-539.
Avery, D., Lenz, M., & Landis, C. (1998). Guidelines for prescribing melatonin. Annals of Medicine, 30, 122-130.
Babu, T.D., Kuttan, G., & Padikkala, J. (1995). Cytotoxic and anti-tumour properties of certain taxa of Umbelliferae with special reference to Centella asiatica (L.) Urban. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 48, 53-57.
Balk, J.L. (2000). Indole-3-carbinol for cancer prevention. Alternative Medicine Alert, 3, 105-107.
Belluzzi, A., Brignola, C., Campieri, M., Camporesi, M., Gionchetti, P., Rizzello, F., et al. (1994). Effects of new fish oil derivative on fatty acid phospholipid-membraine pattern in a group of Crohn's disease patients. Digestive Disease and Sciences, 39, 2589-2594.
Bensky, D., Gamble, A., & Kaptchuk, T. (1996). Chinese herbal medicine materia medica. Seattle, WA: Eastland.
Bisset, N.G. (Ed.) (1994). Max Wichtl herbal drugs and phytopharmaceuticals. A handbook for practice on a scientific basis. London: Medpharm Scientific.
Blumenthal, M., Busse, W.R., Goldberg, A., Gruenwald, J., Hall, T., Riggins, C.W., et al. (Eds.) (1998). The complete German commission E monographs: Therapeutic guide to herbal medicines. Translator S. Klein. Boston: American Botanical Council.
Bok, J.W., Lermer, L., Chilton, J., Klingeman, H.G., & Towers, G.H. (1999). Antitumor sterols from the mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis. Phytochemistry, 51, 891-898.
Bozzetti, F., Biganzoli, L., Gavazzi, C., Cappuzzo, F., Carnaghi, C., Buzzoni, R., et al. (1997). Glutamine supplementation in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: A double-blind randomized study. Nutrition, 13, 748-751.
Bregani, E.R., Lissoni, P., Rossini, F., Barni, S., Tancini, G., Brivio, F., et al. (1995). Prevention of interleukin-2-induced thrombocytopenia during the immunotherapy of cancer by a concomitant administration of the pineal hormone melatonin. Recenti Progressi in Medicina, 86, 231-233.
Brinker, F. (1998). Herb contraindications and drug interactions (2nd ed.). Sandy, OR: Eclectic Medical.
Brittenden, J., Park, K.G.M., Heys, S.D., Ross, C., Ashby, J., Ah-See, A., et al. (1994). L-Arginine stimulates host defenses in patients with breast cancer. Surgery, 115, 205-212.
Bruneton, J. (1999). Pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, medicinal plants (2nd. ed). Paris, France: Lavoisier.
Brzezinski, A. (1997). Melatonin in humans. New England Journal of Medicine, 336, 186-195.
Challa, A., Rao, D.R., & Reddy, B.S. (1997). Interactive suppression of aberrant crypt foci induced by azoxymethane in rat colon by phytic acid and green tea. Carcinogenesis, 18, 2023-2036.
Chen, L., McDougal, A., Wang, F., & Safe, S. (1998). Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated antiestrogenic and antitumorigenic activity of diindolylmethane. Cancinogenesis, 19, 1631-1639.
Chen, I., Safe, S., & Bjeldanes, L. (1996). Indole-3-carinol and diindolylmethane as aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor agonists and antagonists in T47D human breast cancer cells. Biochemical Phamacology, 51, 1069-1076.
Chu, D.T., Wong, W.L., & Mavligit, G.M. (1988). Immunotherapy with Chinese medicinal herbs. II. Reversal of cyclophosphamide-induced immune suppression by administration of fractionated Astragalus membranaceus in vivo. Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Immunology, 25, 125-129.
Clark, L.C., Combs, G.F., Jr., Turnbull, B.W., Slate, E.H., Chalker, O.K., Chow, J., et al. (1996). Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. A randomized controlled trial. Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Study Group. JAMA, 276, 1957-1963.
Cockerham, M.B., Weinberger, B.B., & Lerchie, S.B. (2000). Oral glutamine for the prevention of oral mucositis associated with high-dose paclitaxel and melphalan for autologous bone marrow transplantation. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 34, 300-303.
Coyle, T., Levante, S., Shetler, M., & Winfield, J. (1994). In vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity of gossypol against central nervous system tumor cell lines. Journal of Neuro-Oncology, 19, 25-35.
Crosby, V., Wilcock, A., & Corcoran, R. (2000). The safety and efficacy of a single dose (500 mg or 1 g) of intravenous magnesium sulfate in nuropathic pain poorly responsive to strong opioid analgesics in patients with cancer. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 19, 35-39.
Curley, R.W., Jr., Humphries, K.A., Koolemans-Beynan, A., Abou-Isaa, H., & Webb, T.E. (1994). Activity of D-glucarate analogues: Synergistic antiproliferative effects with retinoid in cultured human mammary tumor cells appear to specifically require the D-glucarate structure. Life Sciences, 54, 1299-1303.
Dai, R., Shoemaker, R., Farrens, D., Han, M.J., Kim, C.S., & Song, P.S. (1992). Characterization of silkworm chlorophyll metabolites as an active photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy. Journal of Natural Products, 55, 1241-1251.
Dollins, A.B., Lynch, H.J., Wurtman, R.J., Deng, M.H., Kischka, K.U., Gleason, R.E., et al. (1993). Effect of pharmacological daytime doses of melatonin on human mood and performance. Psychopharmacology, 112, 490-496.
Dong, Y., Kwan, C.Y., Chen, Z.N., & Yang, M.M. (1996). Antitumor effects of a refined polysaccharide peptide fraction isolated from Coriolus versicolor: In vitro and in vivo studies. Research Communications in Molecular Pathology and Pharmacology, 92, 140-148.
Dong, Y., Yang, M.M., & Kwan, C.Y. (1997). In vitro inhibition of proliferation of HL-60 cells by tetrandrine and coriolus versicolor peptide derived from Chinese medical herbs. Life Science, 60, PL135-140.
Duke, J.A. (1987). Handbook of medicinal herbs. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Duke, J.A., & Vasquez, R. (1994). Amazonian ethnobotanical dictionary. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Efem, S.E. (1988). Clinical observations on the wound healing properties of honey. British Journal of Surgery, 75, 679-681.
Eisenberg, D.M., Davis, R.B., Ettner, S.L., Appel, S., Wilkey, S., Van Rompay, M., et al. (1998). Trends in alternative medicine in the United States, 1990-1997. JAMA, 280, 1569-1575.
Eisenberg, D.M., Kessler, R.C., Foster, C., Norlock, F.E., Calkins, D.R., & Delbanco, T.L. (1993). Unconventional medicine in the United States: Prevalence, cost and patterns of use. New England Journal of Medicine, 328, 246-252.
Ellenhorn, M.J. (Ed.). (1997). Ellenhorn's medical toxicology: Diagnosis and treatment of human poisoning (2nd ed.). Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.
Environmental Protection Agency. (2002). Radiation information: Cesium. Retrieved September 12, 2002, from http://www.epa.gov/radiation/radio-nuclides/cesium.htm
Facts and Comparisons. (2001). The Lawrence Review of Natural Products® monograph system. St. Louis, MO: Walter Kluwer.
Fetrow, C.W., & Avala, J.R. (1999). Professional's handbook of complementary and alternative medicines. Springhouse, PA: Springhouse.
Friess, H., Beger, H.G., Kunz, J., Funk, N., Schilling, M., & Buchler, M.W. (1996). Treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer with mistletoe: Results of a pilot trial. Anticancer Research, 16, 915-920.
Fudenberg, H.H. (1989). Transfer factor: Past, present and future. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 29, 475-516.
Galijatovic, A., Otake, Y., Walle, U.K., & Walle, T. (1999). Extensive metabolism of the flavonoid chrysin by human Caca-2 and Hep G2 cell. Xwnobiotica: The Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological System, 29, 1241-1256.
Galijatovic, A., Otake, Y., Walle, U.K., & Walle, T. (2001). Induction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase UGT1 A1 by the flavonoid chrysin in Caco-2—Potential role in carcinogen bioinactivation. Pharmaceutical Research, 18, 374-379.
Galijatovic, A., Walle, U.K., & Walle, T. (2000). Induction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase by the flavonoids chrysin and guercetin in caco-2 cells. Pharmaceutical Research, 17, 21-26.
Galve-Roperh, I., Sanchez, C., Cortes, M.L., del Pulgar, T.G., Izquierdo, M., & Guzman, M. (2000). Anti-tumoral action of cannabinoids: Involvement of sustained ceramide accumulation and extracellular signal-regulated ki-nase activation. Nature Medicine, 6, 313-319.
Gilbert, N.E., O'Reilly, J.E., Chang, C.J., Lin, Y.C., & Brueggemeier, R.W. (1995). Antiproliferative activity of gossypol and gossypolone on human breast cancer cells. Life Sciences, 57, 61-67.
Greenwald, J. (1998, November 23). Herbal healing. Time, 48-58.
Gruenwald, J., Brendler, T., & Jaenicke, C. (Eds.). (1998). PDR for herbal medicines. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics.
Guivernau, M., Meza, N., Barja, P., & Roman, O. (1994). Clinical and experimental study on the long-term effect of dietary gamma-linolenic acid on plasma lipids, platelet aggregation, thromboxane formation, and prostacyclin production. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids, 51, 311-316.
Hambrecht, R., Hilbrich, L., Erbs, S., Gielen, S., Fiehn, E., Schoene, N., et al. (2000). Correction of endothelial dysfunction in chronic heart failure: Additional effects of exercise training and oral L-arginine supplementation. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 35, 706-713.
Hamzaoglu, I., Saribeyoglu, K., Durak, H., Karahasanoglu, T., Bayrak, I., Altug, T., et al. (2000). Protective covering of surgical wounds with honey impedes tumor implantation. Archives of Surgery, 135, 1414-1417.
Harada, M., Matsunaga, K., Oguchi, Y., Iijima, H., Tamada, K., Abe, K., et al. (1997). Oral administration of PSK can improve the impaired anti-tumor CD4+ T-cell response in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) of specific-pathogen-free mice. International Journal of Cancer, 70, 362-372.
Harvey, J., & Colin-Jones, D.G. (1981). Mistletoe hepatitis. BMJ (Clinical Research Edition), 282, 186-187.
Hayakawa, K., Mitsuhashi, N., Saito, Y., Nakayama, Y., Furuta, M., Nakamoto, S., et al. (1997). Effect of Krestin as adjuvant treatment following radical radiotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Cancer Detection and Prevention, 21, 71-77.
Health Canada, Part II: Regulation and Regulatory Structure (2002). Health Canada Site On Natural Health Products. Ottawa: Canadian Government. Retrieved April 4, 2002, from http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hpb/onhp/welcome_e.html
Health and Welfare Canada. (1990). Nutrition recommendations. Ottawa: Canadian Government Publishing Centre.
Heerdt, A.S., Young, C.W., & Borgen, P.I. (1995). Calcium glucarate as a chemopreventive agent in breast cancer. Israel Journal of Medical Sciences, 31, 101-105.
Huang, K.C. (1999). The pharmacology of Chinese herbs (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
laffaioli, R.V., Frasci, G., Tortora, G., Ciardiello, F., Nuzzo, F., Scala, S., et al. (1988-89). Effect of thymic extract thymostimulin on the incidence of infections and myelectoxicity during adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. Thymus, 12, 69-75.
Jaffiol, C., Daures, J.P., Nsakala, N., Guerenova, J., Baldet, L., Pujol, P., et al. (1995). [Long term follow up of medical treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer.] Annales d'endocrinologie, 56, 119-129.
Jeong, H.J., Shin, Y.G., Kim, I.H., & Pezzuto, J.M. (1999). Inhibition of aromatose activity by flavonoids. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 22, 309-312.
Johnson, M.K., Smith, R.P., Morrison, D., Laszlo, G., & White, R. J. (2000). Large lung bullae in marijuana smokers. Thorax, 55, 340-342.
Kanoh, T., Saito, K., Matsunaga, K., Oguchi, Y., Taniguchi, N., Endoh, H., et al. (1994). Enhancement of the antitumor effect by the concurrent use of a monoclonal antibody and the protein-bound polysaccharide PSK in mice bearing a human cancer cell line. In Vivo, 8, 242-245.
Kao, Y.C., Zhou, C., Sherman, M., Laughton, C.A., & Chen, S. (1998). Molecular basis of the inhibition of human aromatase (estrogen synthetase) by flavone and isoflavone phytoestrogens: A site-directed mutagenesis study. Environmental Health Perspectives, 106, 85-92.
Kenny, F.S., Finder, S.E., Ellis, I.O., Gee, J.M., Nicholson, R.I., Bryce, R.P., et al. (2000). Gamma linolenic acid with tamoxifen as primary therapy in breast cancer. International Journal of Cancer, 85, 643-648.
Khoo, K.S., & Ang, P.T. (1995). Extract of astragalus membranaceus and ligustrum lucidum does not prevent cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression. Singapore Medical Journal, 36, 387-390.
Kim, H.S., Kacew, S., & Lee, B.M. (1999). In vitro chemopreventive effects of plant polysaccharides (Aloe barbadensis Miller, Lentinus edodes. Ganoderma lucidum and Coriolus versicolor). Carcinogenesis, 20, 1637-1640.
Kobayashi, H., Matsunaga, K., & Oguchi, Y. (1995). Antimetastatic effects of PSK (Krestin), a protein-bound polysaccharide obtained from basidi-omycetes: An overview. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, 4, 275-281.
Kuo, Y.C., Lin, C.Y., Tsai, W.J., Wu, C.L., Chen, C.F., & Shiao, M.S. (1994). Growth inhibitors against tumor cells in Cordyceps sinensis other than cordycepin and polysaccharides. Cancer Investigation, 12, 611-615.
Kuo, Y.C., Tsai, W.J., Shiao, M.S., Chen, C.F., & Lin, C.Y. (1996). Cordyceps sinensis as an immunomodulator agent. American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 24, 111-125.
Lannuzel, A., Michel, P.P., Caparros-Lefebvre, D., Abaul, J., Hocquemiller, R., & Ruberg, M. (2002). Toxicity of Annonaceae for dopaminergic neurons: Potential role in atypical Parkinsonism in Guadeloupe. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 17, 84-90.
Lau, B.H., Ruckle, H.C., Botolazzo, T., & Lui, P.O. (1994). Chinese medicinal herbs inhibit growth of murine renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Biotherapy and Radiopharmaceuticals, 9, 153-161.
Lee, W.Y., Park, J.H., Kim, B.S., Han, M.J., & Hahn, B.S. (1990). Chlorophyll derivatives (CpD) extract from silk worm excreta are specifically cytotoxic to tumor cells in vitro. Yonsei Medical Journal, 31, 225-233.
Leung, A.Y., & Foster, S. (1996). Encyclopedia of common natural ingredients used in food, drugs, and cosmetics (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.
Liang, X.S., Rogers, A.J., Webber, C.L., Ormsby, T.J., Tiritan, M.E., Matlin, S.A., et al. (1995). Developing gossypol derivatives with enhanced antitumor activity. Investigational New Drugs, 13, 181-186.
Lissoni, P., Barni, S., Ardizzoia, A., Tancini, G., Conti, A., & Maestroni, G. (1994a). A randomized study with the pineal hormone melatonin versus supportive care alone in patients with brain metastases due to solid neoplasms. Cancer, 73, 699-701.
Lissoni, P., Barni, S., Brivio, F., Rossini, F., Fumagalli, L., Ardizzoia, A., et al. (1995). A biological study on the efficacy of low-dose subcutaneous interleukin-2 plus melatonin in the treatment of cancer-related thrombocytopenia. Oncology, 52, 360-362.
Lissoni, P., Barni, S., Cattaneo, G., Tancini, G., Esposti, G., Esposti, D., & Fraschini, F. (1991). Clinical results with the pineal hormone melatonin in advanced cancer resistant to standard antitumor therapies. Oncology, 48, 448-450.
Lissoni, P., Barni, S., Cazzaniga, M., Ardizzoni, A., Rovelli, F., Brivio, F., et al. (1994b). Efficacy of the concomitant administration of the pineal hormone melatonin in cancer immunotherapy with low-dose IL-2 in patients with advanced solid tumors who had progressed on IL-2 alone. Oncology, 51, 344-347.
Lissoni, P., Barni, S., Tancini, G., Ardizzoia, A., Ricci, G., Aldeghi, R., et al. (1994c). A randomized study with subcutaneous low-dose interleukin 2 alone vs interleukin 2 plus the pineal neurohormone melatonin in advanced solid neoplasma other than renal cancer and melanoma. British Journal of Cancer, 69, 196-199.
Lissoni, P., Pittalis, S., Ardizzoia, A., Brivio, F., Barni, S., Tancini, G., et al. (1996a). Prevention of cytokine-induced hypotension in cancer patients by the pineal hormone melatonin. Supportve Care in Cancer, 4, 313-316.
Lissoni, P., Tancini, G., Barni, S., Paolorossi, F., Rossini, F., Maffe, P., et al. (1996b). The pineal hormone melatonin in hematology and its potential efficacy in the treatment of thrombocytopenia. Recenti Progressi in Medicina, 87, 582-585.
Lissoni, P., Tancini, G., Paolorossi, F., Mandala, M., Ardizzoia, A., Malugani, F., et al. (1999). Chemoneuroendocrine therapy of metastatic breast cancer with persistent thrombocytopenia with weekly low-dose epirubicin plus melatonin: A phase II study. Journal of Pineal Research, 26, 169-73.
Maehara, Y., Inutsuka, S., Takeuchi, H., Baba, H., Kusumoto, H., & Sugimachi, K. (1993). Postoperative PSK and OK-432 immunochemotherapy for patients with gastric cancer. Cancer Chemotherapy Pharmacology, 33, 171-175.
Martindale, W. (1999). Martindale the extra pharmacopoeia. London: Royal Pharmaceutical Society, Pharmaceutical Press.
McDougal, A., Sethi Gupta, M., Ramamoorthy, K., Sun, G., & Safe, S.H. (2000). Inhibition of carcinogen-induced rat mammary tumor growth and other estrogen-dependent responses by symmetrical dihalo-substituted analogs of diindolylmethane. Cancer Letter, 151, 168-179.
McKevoy, G.K. (Ed.). (1998). AHFS drug information. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists.
Mechelany, C., Schlumberger, M., Challeton, C., Comoy, E., & Parmentier, C. (1991). TRIAC (3,5,3'-triiodothyroacetic acid) has parallel effects at the pituritary and peripheral tissue levels in thyroid cancer patients treated with L-thyroxine. Clinical Endocrinology, 35, 123-128.
Meydani, S.N., & Dinarello, C.A. (1993). Influence of dietary fatty acids on cytokine production and its clinical implications. Nutrition in Clinical Practice, 8, 65-72.
Micromedex Healthcare Series. (2003). Micromedex Healthcare Series. Englewood, CO: Micromedex Inc.
Miller, A.L. (1999). Therapeutic considerations of L-glutamine: A review of the literature. Alternative Medicine Review, 4, 239-248.
Mizutani, Y., & Yoshida, O. (1991). Activation by the protein-bound polysaccharide PSK (krestin) of cytotoxic lymphocytes that act on fresh autologous tumor cells and T24 human urinary bladder transitional carcinoma cell line in patients with urinary bladder cancer. Journal of Urology, 145, 1082-1087.
Montbriand, M.J. (1993). Freedom of choice: An issue concerning alternate therapies chosen by cancer patients. Oncology Nursing Forum, 20, 1195-1201.
Montbriand, M.J. (1994a). Decision heuristics of patients with cancer: Alternate and biomedical choices. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
Montbriand, M.J. (1994b). An overview of alternate therapies chosen by patients with cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum, 21, 1547-1554.
Montbriand, M.J. (1995a). Alternative therapies as control behaviors used by cancer patients. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 22, 646-654.
Montbriand, M.J. (1995b). Decision tree model describing alternate healthcare choices made by oncology patients. Cancer Nursing, 18, 104-117.
Montbriand, M.J. (1997). Empowerment of seniors through improved communication about medication. In L.F. Heumann (Ed.)Proceedings of the Sixth Science in Health-Social Services for the Elderly and the Disabled (pp. 258-264). Chicago, IL: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Montbriand, M.J. (1999). Past and present herbs used to treat cancer: Medicine, magic, or poison? Oncology Nursing Forum, 26, 49-60.
Montbriand, M.J. (2000a). Alternative therapies: Health professionals' attitudes. Canadian Nurse, 96(3), 22-26.
Montbriand, M.J. (2000b). Senior and health-professionals' mismatched perceptions and communication about prescription and non-prescription medication. Canadian Journal on Aging, 19, 35-56.
Morimoto, T., Ogawa, M., Orita, K., Sugimachi, K., Toge, T., Dohi, K., et al. (1996). Postoperative adjuvant randomized trial comparing chemoendocrine therapy chemotherapy and immunotherapy for patients with stage II breast cancer: 5-year results from the Nishinihon Cooperative Study Group of Adjuvant Chemoendocrine Therapy for Breast Cancer (ACETBC) of Japan. European Journal of Cancer, 32A, 235-42.
Morlion, B.J., Stehle, P., Wachtler, P., Siedhoff, H.P., Roller, M., Konig, W., et al. (1998). Total parenteral nutrition with glutamine dipeptide after major abdominal surgery: A randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Annals of Surgery, 227, 302-308.
Mueller-Gaertner, H.W., & Schneider, C. (1988). 3,5,3'-triiodothyroacetic acid minimizes the pituitary thyrotrophin secretion in patients on levo-thy-roxin therapy after ablative therapy for differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Clinical Endocrinology, 28, 345-351.
Muller, A., Rice, P.J., Ensley, H.E., Coogan, P.S., Kalbfleish, J.H., Kelley, J.L., et al. (1996). Receptor binding and internalization of a water-soluble (1—>3)-beta-D-glucan biologic response modifier in two monocyte/mac-rophage cell lines. Journal of Immunology, 56, 3418-3425.
Murray, M. (1996). Encyclopedia of nutritional supplements. Rocklin, CA: Prima Health.
Nakamura, K., Yamaguchi, Y., Kagata, S., Kwon, Y.M., Shinozuka, K., & Kunitomo, M. (1999). Inhibitory effect of Cordyceps sinensis on spontaneous liver metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma and B16 melanoma cells in syngeneic mice. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology, 79, 335-341.
Nakazato, H., Koike, A., Saji, S., Ogawa, N., & Sakamoto, J. (1994). Efficacy of immunochemotherapy as adjuvant treatment after curative resection of gastric cancer. Study Group of Immunochemotherapy with PSK for Gastric Cancer. Lancet, 344, 1122-1126.
Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database. (2004). Therapeutic Research Faculty National Database [Data file]. Available at http://www.naturaldatabase.com
Nelson, M.A., Reid, M., Duffield-Lillico, A.J., & Marshall, J.R. (2002). Prostate cancer and selenium. Urologic Clinics of North America, 29, 67-70.
Neulieb, R. (1984). Effect of oral intake of cesium chloride: A single case report. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 21, 15-16.
Newall, C.A., Anderson, L.A., & Philpson, J.D. (1996). Herbal medicine: A guide for healthcare professionals. London: Pharmaceutical Press.
Ng, T.B. (1998). A review of research on the protein-bound polysaccharide (polysaccharopeptide, PSP) from the mushroom Coriolus versicolor (Ba-sidiomycetes: Polyporaceae). General Pharmacology, 30, 1-4.
Nicolosi, R., Bell, S.J., Bistrian, B.R., Greenberg, I., Forse, R.A., & Blackburn, G.L. (1999). American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 70, 208-212.
Nio, Y., Tsubone, M., Tseng, C.C., Morimoto, H., Kawabata, K., Masai, Y., et al. (1992). Immunomodulation by orally administered protein-bound polysaccharide PSK in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. Biotherapy, 4, 117-128.
Noyer, C.M., Simon, D., Borezuk, A., Brandt, L.J., Lee, M.J., & Nehra, V. (1998). A double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study of glutamine therapy for abnormal intestinal permeability in patients with AIDS. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 93, 972-975.
Oberlies, N.H., Chang, C.J., & McLaughlin, J.L. (1997). Structure-activity relationships of diverse Annonaceous acetogenins against multidrug resistant human mammary adenocarcinoma (MCF-7/Adr) cells. Journal of Medical Chemistry, 17, 84-90.
Ogilvie, O.K., Fettman, M.J., Mallinckrodt, C.H., Walton, J.A., Hansen, R.A., Davenport, D.J., et al. (2000). Effect of fish oil, arginine, and doxorubicin chemotherapy on remission and survival time for dogs with lymphoma: A double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled study. Cancer, 88, 1916-1928.
Penna, C., Dean, P.A., & Nelson, H. (1996). Pulmonary metastases neutralization and tumor rejection by in vivo administration of beta glucan and bispecific antibody. International Journal of Cancer, 65, 377-382.
Pheatt, N. (Ed.) (1998). Nonherbal dietary supplements. Pharmacist's Letter Continuing Education Booklet, 98, 1-51.
Piscoya, J., Rodriguez, Z., Bustamante, S.A., Okuhama, N.N., Miller, M.J., & Sandoval, M. (2001). Efficacy and safety of freeze-dried cat's claw in osteoarthritis of the knee: Mechanisms of action of the species Uncaria guianensis. Inflammation Research, 50, 442-448.
Postmes, T., van den Bogaard, A.E., & Hazen, M. (1993). Honey for wounds, ulcers, and skin graft preservation. Lancet, 341, 756-757.
Rayman, M.P. (2000). The importance of selenium to human health. Lancet, 356, 233-241.
Rector, T.S., Bank, A.J., Mullen, K.A., Tschumperlin, L.K., Sih, R., Pillai, K., et al. (1996). Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study of supplemental oral L-arginine in patients with heart failure. Circulation, 93, 2135-2141.
Riby, J.E., Chang, G.H., Firestone, G.L., & Bjeldanes, L.F. (2000). Ligand-independent activation of estrogen receptor function by 3,3"-diindolylmethane in human breast cancer cells. Biochemical Pharmacology, 60, 167-177.
Robbers, J.E., & Tyler, V.E. (1999). The therapeutic use of phytomedicinals. New York: Haworth Herbal Press.
Ross, G.D., Vetvicka, V., Yan, J., Xia, Y., & Vetvickova, J. (1999). Therapeutic intervention with beta-glucan in cancer. Immunopharmacology, 42(1-3), 61-74.
Rubio, I.T., Cao, Y., Hutchins, L.F., Westbrook, K.C., & Klimberg, V.S. (1998). Effect of glutamine on methotrexate efficacy and toxicity. Annals of Surgery, 227, 772-778.
Sadzuka, Y., Sugiyama, T., Miyagishima, A., Nozawa, Y., & Hirota, S. (1996). The effects of theanine, as a novel biochemical modulator, on the antitumor activity of adriamycin. Cancer Letter, 105, 203-209.
Sadzuka, Y., Sugiyama, T., & Sonobe, T. (2000). Improvement of idarubicin induced antitumor activity and bone marrow suppression by theanine, component of tea. Cancer Letter, 158, 119-124.
Saied, I.T., & Shamsuddin, A.M. (1998). Up-regulation of the tumor suppressor gene p53 and WAF1 gene expression by IP6 in HT-29 human colon carcinoma cell line. Anticancer Research, 18, 1479-84.
Sandoval, M., Charbonnet, R.M., & Okuhama, N.N. (2000). Cat's claw inhibits TNF alpha production and scavenges free radicals: Role in cytoprotection. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 29, 71-78.
Santa Maria, A., Lopez, A., Diaz, M.M., Alban, J., Galan de Mera, A., Vicente Orellana, J.A., et al. (1997). Evaluation of the toxicity of Uncaria tomentosa by bioassay in vitro. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 57, 183-187.
Sartori, H.E. (1984). Cesium therapy in cancer patients. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 21(Suppl. 1), 11-13.
Schulz, V., Hansel, R., & Tyler, V.E. (1998). Rational phytotherapy: A physician's guide to herbal medicine (3rd ed.). Translator, T.C. Telger. Berlin, Germany: Springer.
Scolapio, J.S., Camilleri, M., Fleming, C.R., Oenning, L.V., Burton, D.D., Sebo, T.J., et al. (1997). Effect of growth hormone, glutamine, and diet on adaptation in short-bowel syndrome: A randomized, controlled study. Gastroenterology, 113, 1074-1081.
Shabert, J.K., Winslow, C., Lacey, J.M., & Wilmore, D.W. (1999). Glutamine-antoxidant supplementation increases body cell mass in AIDS patients with weight loss: A randomized, double-blind controlled trial. Nutrition, 15, 860-864.
Shamsuddin, A.M., & Vucenik, I. (1999). Mammary tumor inhibition by IP6: A review. Anticancer Research, 19, 3671-3674.
Shamsuddin, A.M., & Yang, G.Y. (1995). Inositol hexaphosphate inhibits growth and induces differentiation of PC-3 human prostate cancer cells. Carcinogenesis, 16, 1975-1979.
Sherman, S.I., & Ladenson, P.W. (1992). Organ-specific effects of tiratricol: A thyroid hormone analog with hepatic, not pituitary, superagonist effect. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 75, 901-905.
Shidaifat, R., Canatan, H., Kulp, S.K., Sugimoto, Y., Chang, W.Y., Zhang, Y., et al. (1996). Inhibition of human prostate cancer cells growth by gossypol is associated with stimulation of transforming growth factor-beta. Cancer Letter, 107, 37-44.
Sills, A.K., Jr., Williams, J.I., Tyler, B.M., Epstein, D.S., Sipos, E.P., Davis, J.D., et al. (1998). Squalamine inhibits angiogenesis and solid tumor growth in vivo and perturbs embryonic vasculature. Cancer Research, 58, 2784-2792.
Sirtori, C.R., Crepaldi, G., Manzato, E., Mancini, M., Rivellese, A., Paoletti, R., et al. (1998). One-year treatment with ethyl esters of n-3 fatty acids in patients with hypertriglyceridemia and glucose intolerance: Reduced triglyceridemia, total cholesterol and increased HDL-C without glycemic alterations. Atherosclerosis, 137, 419-427.
Steele, R.W., Myers, M.G., & Vincent, M.M. (1980). Transfer factor for the prevention of varicella-zoster infection in childhood leukemia. New England Journal of Medicine, 303, 355-359.
Steuer-Vogt, M.K., Bonkowsky, V., Ambrosch, P., Scholz, M., Neiss, A., Strutz, J., et al. (2001). The effect of an adjuvant mistletoe treatment program in resected head and neck cancer patients: A randomized controlled clinical trial. European Journal of Cancer, 37, 9-11.
Sugimachi, K., Maehara, Y., Ogawa, M., Kakegawa, T., & Tomita, M. (1997). Dose intensity of uracil and tegafur in postoperative chemotherapy for patients with poorly differentiated gastric cancer. Cancer Chemotherapy Pharmachology, 40, 233-238.
Sugiyama, T., & Sadzuka, Y. (1998). Enhancing effects of green tea components on the antitumor activity of adriamycin against M5076 ovarian sarcoma. Cancer Letter, 133, 19-26.
Sugiyama, T., Sadzuka, Y., Tanaka, K., & Sonobe, T. (2001). Inhibition of glutamate transporter by theanine enhances the therapeutic efficacy of doxorubicin. Toxicology Letters, 121, 89-96.
Sun, Y., Hersh, E.M., Talpaz, M., Lee, S.L., Wong, W., Loo, T.L., et al. (1983). Immune restoration and/or augmentation of local graft versus host reaction by traditional Chinese medicinal herbs. Cancer, 52, 70-73.
Takano, H., Lim, H.B., Miyabara, Y., Ichinose, T., Yoshikawa, T., & Sagai, M. (1998). Oral administration of L-arginine potentiates allergen-induced airway inflammation and expression of interleukin-5 in mice. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 286, 767-771.
Tenebaum, A., Fisman, E.A., & Motro, M. (1998). L-arginine: Rediscovery in progress. Cardiology, 90, 153-155.
Terry, P., Lichtenstein, P., Feychting, M., Ahlbom, A., & Wolk, A. (2001). Fatty fish consumption and risk of prostate cancer. Lancet, 357, 1764-1766.
Thompson, L.U., & Zhang, L. (1991). Phytic acid and minerals: Effect on early markers of risk for mammary and colon carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis, 12, 2041-2045.
Timoshenko, A.V., Cherenkevich, S.N., & Gabius, H.J. (1995). Viscum album agglutinin-induced aggregation of blood cells and the lectin effects on neutrophil function. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, 49, 153-158.
Toi, M., Hattori, T., Akagi, M., Inokuchi, K., Orita, K., Sugimachi, K., et al. (1992). Randomized adjuvant trial to evaluate the addition of tamoxifen and PSK to chemotherapy in patients with primary breast cancer. 5-year results from the Nishi-Nippon Group of the Adjuvant Chemoendocrine Therapy for Breast Cancer Organization. Cancer, 70, 2475-2483.
Tsukagoshi, S., Hashimoto, Y., Fujii, G., Kobayashi, H., Nomoto, K., & Orita, K. (1984). Krestin (PSK). Cancer Treatment Review, 11, 131-155.
Tyler, V.E. (1993). The honest herbal (3rd ed.). Binghamton, NY: Pharmaceutical Products Press.
Tyler, V.E. (1994). Herbs of choice: The therapeutic use of phytomedicinals. Binghamton, NY: Pharmaceutical Products Press.
Tyler, V.E. (1996). What pharmacists should know about herbal remedies. Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association, NS36(1), 29-37.
Upton, R. (Ed.). (1999). Astragalus root: Analytical, quality control, and therapeutic monograph. Santa Cruz, CA: American Herbal Pharmacopoeia.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2000). FDA warns against consuming dietary supplements containing tiratricol. Retrieved November 22, 2000, from http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/ANS01057.html
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2003). Labeling of dietary supplements. Retrieved August 6, 2003, from http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/ds-labl.html
Vucenik, I., Zhang, Z.S., & Shamsuddin, A.M. (1998). IP6 in treatment of liver cancer. II. Intra-tumoral injection of IP6 regresses pre-existing human liver cancer xenotransplanted in nude mice. Anticancer Research, 18, 4091-4096.
Wagner, J., Wagner, M.L., & Hening, W.A. (1998). Beyond benzodiazepines: Alternative pharmacologic agents for the treatment of insomnia. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 32, 680-691.
Walaszek, Z., Szemraj, J., Narog, M., Adams, A.K., Kilgore, J., Sherman, U., et al. (1997). Metabolism, uptake and excretion of D-glucaric acid salt and its potential use in cancer prevention. Cancer Detection and Prevention, 21, 178-190.
Wang, H.X., NG, T.B., Liu, W.K., Ooi, V.E., & Chang, S.T. (1996). Polysaccharide-peptide complexes from the cultured mycelia of the mushroom Coriolus versicolor and their culture medium activate mouse lymphocytes and macrophages. International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, 28, 601-607.
Watanabe, G., Tomiyama, H., & Doba, N. (2000). Effects of oral administration of L-arginine on renal function in patients with heart failure. Journal of Hypertension, 18, 229-234.
Williams, J.I., Weitman, S., Gonzalez, C.M., Jundt, C.H., Marty, J., Stringer, S.D., et al. (2001). Squalamine treatment of human tumors in nu/nu mice enhances platinum-based chemotherapies. Clinical Cancer Research, 7, 724-733.
Wu, D. (1989). An overview of the clinical pharmacology and therapeutic potential of gossypol as a make contraceptive agent and in gynaecological disease. Dregs, 38, 333-341.
Xu, R.H., Peng, X.E., Chen, G.Z., & Chen, G.L. (1992). Effects of cordyceps sinensis on natural killer activity and colony formation of B16 melanoma. Chinese Medical Journal (English), 105, 97-101.
Yetiv, J.Z. (1988). Clinical applications of fish oils. JAMA, 260, 665-670.
Yokoe, T., Iino, Y., Takei, H., Horiguchi, J., Koibuchi, Y., Maemura, M., et al. (1997). HLA antigen as predictive index for the outcome of breast cancer patients with adjuvant immunochemotherapy with PSK. Anticancer Research, 17(4A), 2815-2818.
Yoshida, S., Matsui, M., Shirouzu, Y., Fujita, H., Yamana, H., & Shirouzu, K. (1998). Effects of glutamine supplements and radiochemotherapy on systemic immune and gut barrier function in patients with advanced esophageal cancer. Annals of Surgery, 227, 485-491.
Zhu, J.S., Halpern, G.M., & Jones, K. (1998). The scientific rediscovery of an ancient Chinese herbal medicine: Cordyceps sinensis: Part 1. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 4, 289-303.