Cheng, K.K., Molassiotis, A., Chang, A.M., Wai, W.C., & Cheung, S.S. (2001). Evaluation of an oral care protocol intervention in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis in pediatric cancer patients. European Journal of Cancer, 37, 2056–2063.
The study was conducted over an eight-month period. The first four months were with the control group, which received routine care, no oral protocol, and the center's standard use of 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl) and benzydamine hydrochloride rinse to control oral mucositis (OM) when it developed.
The last four months involved the experimental group, which received an oral care protocol consisting of patient education, maintenance of patient diaries, and rinsing with normal saline chlorhexidine every two hours on days 1–21. The oral protocol prescribed toothbrushing; NaCl solution rinse for gums, tongue, and soft tissue; and chlorhexidine rinse every morning and evening, as well as NaCl rinse after each meal and every two hours for the second week only.
This was a prospective, comparative study.
Although the sample is small, the evidence supports the use of normal saline found in other studies.
Chen, M., Zhang, L., Wang, Q., & Shen, J. (2013). Pyridoxine for prevention of hand-foot syndrome caused by chemotherapy: A systematic review. PloS One, 8(8), e72245.
STUDY PURPOSE: To evaluate the evidence related to the efficacy of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) in preventing hand-foot syndrome (HFS) caused by anti-cancer therapies
TYPE OF STUDY: Systematic review
PHASE OF CARE: Active antitumor treatment
APPLICATIONS: Elder care
Based on the analysis of results of five randomized controlled trials, there is not sufficient evidence to make any recommendation for patients taking pyridoxine to prevent HFS caused by chemotherapy drugs. However, that data suggests that pyridoxine 400 mg was more effective in preventing grade 2 and grade 3 HFS than pyridoxine 200 mg. Future research studies that include large sample sizes are needed to continue to evaluate pyridoxine’s efficacy and safety, especially high doses of pyridoxine, in comparison with placebo.
HFS is a relatively common skin toxic reaction to certain chemotherapy. Nurses may collaborate with physicians in identifying effective treatments. Although RCT results do not support using pyridoxine for preventing HFS caused by chemotherapy, pyridoxine 400 mg PO may have some efficacy in preventing grade 2 and 3 HFS.
Chen, H., Liu, T.Y., Kuai, L., Zhu, J., Wu, C.J., & Liu, L.M. (2013). Electroacupuncture treatment for pancreatic cancer pain: A randomized controlled trial. Pancreatology, 13, 594–597.
To evaluate the analgesic effect of electroacupuncture on pancreatic cancer pain
Patients were treated in a comfortable prone position. Disposable stainless steel filiform needles (40 mm in length and 0.3 mm in diameter) were inserted perpendicularly into the Jiaji points from T8 to T12 bilaterally to a depth of 25 mm. After de-qi sensation was achieved, the handles of the needles were respectively connected to a Han's acupoint nerve stimulator (HANS) at a frequency of 2/100 Hz and a current of 1 mA with a disperse-dense waveform. The needles remained in place for 30 minutes. The treatment was given once a day for three days. Sham acupuncture needles were used as a placebo and were put into the same points in the treatment group without inserting into the skin. The needles were then connected to the electric stimulator but with zero frequency and electric current. All patients were to maintain the same analgesic drug treatment.
Pain intensity as assessed using a numeric rating scale of 0–10 after subjects were given an explanation of the rating scale. Ratings were done before treatment, after one to three treatments, and at one and two days after the completion of the treatments.
Pain intensity decreased compared with baseline after each of the three treatments in the acupuncture group. There was little change in the level of pain in the control group. The difference between the treatment arm and the control arm was statistically significant after each of the three treatments. Follow-up during the two days after treatment also showed a significant reduction in pain intensity in the treatment arm compared to the control arm. No infections at the treated points were noted during the trial, and there were no adverse events.
Pain intensity significantly decreased compared to baseline in the electroacupuncture group, a result that was significantly different than the result for those in the control arm of the study. There was no significant difference in the level of pain at any of the time points for those in the control arm of the study.
Pain is a significant problem for individuals diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. Standard treatment options include opioids, radiotherapy, and celiac plexus neurolysis; however, these are not always effective and may be limited due to their side effects. Nurses need to be aware of potential pain management options for patients with pancreatic cancer-associated pain in order to improve the patients' quality of life.
Chen, J., Lu, X.Y., Wang, W.J., Shen, B., Ye, Y., Jiang, H., . . . Cheng, B. (2014). Impact of a clinical pharmacist-led guidance team on cancer pain therapy in China: A prospective multicenter cohort study. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 48, 500–509.
To assess the value of pharmacist-led teams as a model for improving drug delivery and implementing the role of the clinical pharmacist in direct patient care using cancer pain management as a focus area
Clinical guidance teams included clinical pharmacists, nurses registered in oncology, oncologists, and administrators. Pharmacists had at least two years' residency in the oncology department and underwent training in opioid pharmacotherapeutics, National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines, and Chinese practice guidelines, and they had to pass an examination. The pharmacist was responsible for patient and physician education, consulting in complex cases, and monitoring for drug efficacy and side effects. Patients with a history of cancer-related pain were enrolled. Patients were assigned consecutively to the intervention group, in which the guidance team was involved, or the control group, in which no guidance from the cancer pain therapy team was given. Outcomes were evaluated after six months. Patients in the experimental group had follow-up appointments via face to face or telephonic interviews twice a month. Study data were obtained from medical records and follow-ups.
Cohort design
Compared to the control group, there were more frequent pain severity evaluations before opioid administration, more standardized dose titrations, more sustained-release formulations (p < 0.001), and fewer errors in dose conversion to other opioids (p = 0.017) in the experimental group. Pain scores were lower in the experimental group (p < 0.05), and the incidence of constipation, nausea, and vomiting was lower in the experimental group (p < 0.05).
The implementation of the clinical pharmacist role in guidance teams for cancer-related pain was associated with improvements in the process of medication management and pain scores.
The findings of this study suggested that the intervention of a multidisciplinary team to guide pain management can improve medication management, monitoring, and chronic pain outcomes.
Chen, J., Seabrook, J., Fulford, A., & Rajakumar, I. (2015). Icing oral mucositis: Oral cryotherapy in multiple myeloma patients undergoing autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice. Advance online publication.
To evaluate the effectiveness of a cryotherapy protocol in patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT)
Medical records of patients undergoing autologous HCT for multiple myeloma were used to obtain data. All received high-dose melphalan as part of the conditioning regimen. Patients who were treated prior to the implementation of the cryotherapy protocol were compared to those who received cryotherapy in terms of the incidence, severity, and duration of mucositis. Data were collected to also compare the use of parenteral narcotics, use of parenteral nutrition, and hospital stay.
Overall incidence of oral mucositis was 95.7% of those with no cryotherapy compared to 71.4% of those who received cryotherapy (p < 0.001). Median severity without cryotherapy was 2.5 compared to 2 with cryotherapy (p = 0.03). More patients without cryotherapy needed parenteral narcotics for pain control (p = 0.02), and duration of mucositis was about two days less with cryotherapy (p = 0.02). No differences existed in parenteral nutrition use or length of hospital stay.
The use of cryotherapy was associated with lower incidence, severity, and duration of mucositis among patients undergoing HCT receiving high-dose melphalan.
Cryotherapy has been shown to be effective in reducing the severity of mucositis in patients receiving chemotherapeutic agents with a short half-life.
Chen, R., Mu, L., Zhang, H., Xin, M., Luan, J., Mu, D., . . . Becker, C. (2014). Simultaneous breast reconstruction and treatment of breast cancer–related upper arm lymphedema with lymphatic lower abdominal flap. Annals of Plastic Surgery, 73, S12–S17.
To introduce key points relating to lower abdominal flap transplantation with vascularized lymph nodes, and to evaluate the effects of breast restoration or reconstruction and lymphatic transplantation to treat upper-arm lymphedema after breast cancer surgery
Ten patients were recruited with postoperative, breast cancer-related lymphedema. Preoperatively, isotope radiography was used to determine lymphatic return obstruction. Patients were operated on in a standing position. A modified deep inferior epigastric perforator artery (DIEP) or microsurgical transverse abdominal myocutaneous island (TRAM) flap was accompanied by lymphatic tissue. The scar contracture of the axilla was relaxed and patients received abdominal transplantation of the lower abdominal flap with vascularized lymph node. Postoperatively, elastic bandages were applied for one year. Follow-up appointments occurred at one, three, six, and 12 months. The measurement indexes that were used included mid- and upper-arm circumference, clinical symptoms, and lymphoscintigraphy.
Controlled clinical trial
All of the flaps worked. One patient experienced delayed wound healing. There was no obvious improvement in lymphedema in one patient. Seven patients saw improvements in lymphedema clinical symptoms and mean limb perimeter. One patient recovered. The mean reduction was 2.122 cm (SD = 2.331). Limb volume decrease was statistically significant between preoperative and postoperative measures (p < .05).
Abdominal flap transplantation with vascularized lymph nodes and breast reconstruction, paired with treatment to upper-arm lymphedema and the use of elastic bandages as adjuvant treatment, is effective in restoring breast configuration and function.
This procedure may be effective for treating some women with breast cancer-related lymphedema, and it can guide future research on effective lymphedema therapy and postoperative monitoring.
Chen, H. W., Lin, I. H., Chen, Y. J., Chang, K. H., Wu, M. H., Su, W. H., . . . Lai, Y. L. (2012). A novel infusible botanically-derived drug, PG2, for cancer-related fatigue: a phase II double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled study. Clinical and Investigative Medicine, 35, E1–E11.
To examine the effects of PG2 on fatigue in patients with advanced cancer.
PG2 was extracted from Astragalus membranaceus and is a polysaccharide mixture. It was reconstituted and dissolved in normal saline and mixed into 490 mL of normal saline for infusion. Patients were randomly assigned to the PG2 group or the placebo control group, which received infusions of 500 mL of normal saline. Patients received infusions three times a week for four weeks. After four weeks, all patients received open-label treatment with PG2 for another four weeks. Assessment of the outcomes was conducted at baseline and at the end of the first, second, and fourth week of each study cycle. A fatigue response rate was calculated as the percentage of patients who had at least a 10% improvement in fatigue scores at weeks 4 and 8.
The study was conducted at multiple settings in Taiwan.
Patients were undergoing the end of life and palliative phases of care.
This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with an open-label extension.
About 72% of the entered patients completed four weeks of the study, and 64.4% completed eight weeks. During the first week, PG2 administration resulted in a significantly greater fatigue response rate (PG2 = 57.14%; placebo = 32.3%; p = 0.043). By weeks 2 to 4, no significant differences were observed between the groups. About 82% of those who responded to PG2 reported a sustained benefit after the subsequent open-label use. For those who initially received placebo, after four weeks of open-label use, the fatigue response rate increased significantly after PG2 administration (57.14% response rate). Adverse events associated with PG2 were rashes (n = 3), eczema (n = 2), and pruritis (n = 2); none of these required medical treatment for resolution. White blood counts and differentials were similar between the groups.
PG2 had a positive effect on fatigue in patients with advanced cancer.
PG2 appeared to have potential benefit in reducing fatigue among patients with advanced cancer and may provide effective palliation of this symptom. Additional research is warranted to further evaluate efficacy and adverse events.
Chen, Z., Meng, Z., Milbury, K., Bei, W., Zhang, Y., Thornton, B., . . . Cohen, L. (2013). Qigong improves quality of life in women undergoing radiotherapy for breast cancer: results of a randomized controlled trial. Cancer, 119, 1690–1698.
To evaluate whether patients with breast cancer undergoing radiotherapy (RT) who practiced qigong would report better quality of life, less fatigue, and less sleep disturbance than did patients in a control group.
Patients were randomly assigned to a group that received a qigong intervention or to a wait-list control group. Patients were assigned to cohorts to prevent group contamination during the study. Each week, the qigong group participated in five classes lasting 40 minutes each during RT. These patients received printed materials and a DVD of the qigong program. Patients were encouraged to practice qigong techniques on their own. The intervention included relaxation breathing, meditation, walking in a circle while breathing in sync with arm movement, and self-massage. The control group received standard care. Assessments were performed at baseline, in the middle of the RT schedule, during the last week of RT, and at one and three months after treatment.
Participants were undergoing the active antitumor treatment phase of care.
The study was a randomized, controlled trial.
Practicing qigong appears to be beneficial in reducing fatigue and depression during RT and appears to be of most benefit to women with high measures of depression symptoms.
Qigong, a type of mind-body discipline, appears to have benefit in reducing fatigue and depression over time, particularly among women who have high measures of depression symptoms. Effects were not seen until after RT completion.
Chen, C.M., Lin, L.Z., & Zhang, E.X. (2014). Standardized treatment of Chinese medicine decoction for cancer pain patients with opioid-induced constipation: A multi-center prospective randomized controlled study. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine, 20, 496–502.
To determine the effect and influence of Chinese medicine (CM) treatment on the quality of life (QOL) of patients with opioid-induced constipation, and to determine any changes in analgesic effect
All patients were treated for 14 days. The control group received 100–200 mg tabs of oral phenolphthalein three times per day with the dose adjusted based on patient condition. The study group received a CM combination consisting of Xiaochengqi decoction (a purgative) and Zengye decoction (also a purgative but less effective). The decoction consisted of several types of plants. The basic formulation was adjusted for one of the four potential syndromes that affected patients.
Randomized, controlled trials at multiple centers
Both study groups had reduced CCS scores after treatment compared to baseline. CCS scores changed more in the CM group than the control group (93.5% versus 86.4%, p < .05). The CM group had better QOL scores in eight variables including constipation, nausea, and vomiting. Pain management was not affected in either group. Side effects included diarrhea, nausea, and abdominal pain.
Analgesia was not affected in this study. CM was effective in managing constipation in patients receiving opioids. The CM group had a 93.5% efficacy rate and the control group had a 86.4% efficacy rate. QOL was improved and side effects were mild.
The CM intervention was more effective in the management of constipation than the control medication, oral phenolphthalein.
Chen, L., Wang, T., Shih, Y., & Wu, L.J. (2013). Fifteen-minute music intervention reduces pre-radiotherapy anxiety in oncology patients. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 17, 436–441.
To evaluate the effect of 15 minutes of music on anxiety prior to receiving radiation therapy
Participants were randomly assigned to control or music group. Both took pretests using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and filled out demographic questionnaires, and vital signs were obtained. The intervention group received 15 minutes of self-selected music with similar tempo from a provided list. Patients were able to select which day they received intervention, select music that was paced at 60-80 beats/min. Postintervention data were obtained from both groups.
STAI scores decreased significantly in both groups, but decreased more in intervention group and was statistically significantly lower in the intervention group (decline of 7.19 with intervention, 1.04 decline in control; p < .001). Both groups had significant decrease in heart rate and resting rate (pre- and postintervention). Music group had statistically significant difference in mean change of systolic blood pressure.
Anxiety levels and systolic blood pressure may decrease when music therapy intervention is provided before radiation therapy treatment.
A choice of music therapy provided at radiation treatment centers may help to reduce anxiety that is caused by treatment and provide a way for the patient to relax at the treatment center and at home.