To assess the efficacy of a cognitive-behavioral (CB) intervention for the pain, fatigue, and sleep disturbance symptom cluster

Patients were randomized to the CB group or a waitlist control group. The intervention was a single one-on-one training session with a research nurse providing information about causes of pain, fatigue, and sleep disturbance; rational about how CB strategies could affect symptoms; overview of 12 strategies; and recommendations for patients to practice. CB strategies were relaxation and imagery approaches. Patients were provided scripted recordings to use on an MP3 player and written instructions. Patients were followed for two weeks and completed study assessments at baseline and at two weeks. The control group had usual care. Patients in the intervention group were to keep a log recording each use of CB strategies, and all patients in both groups were taught to complete a daily symptom diary. Follow-up phone calls were made to both groups on the second study day, the seventh study day, and at the end of the two-week study period. Post-intervention measures of symptom severity were mailed to participants to complete and provide to clinic staff.

• N = 78
• MEAN AGE = 60.29 years (SD = 11.09 years)
• MALES: 41%, FEMALES: 59%
• KEY DISEASE CHARACTERISTICS: Lung, prostate, colorectal, and gynecologic cancers; 72% on chemotherapy
• OTHER KEY SAMPLE CHARACTERISTICS: 86% on antiemetics, 71% on steroids, 59% on opioids; 93% white; 74% had at least undergraduate college education

• SITE: Multi-site 
• SETTING TYPE: Outpatient 
• LOCATION: Wisconsin

• PHASE OF CARE: Active antitumor treatment

• RCT

• 0–10 numeric scale for worst, least, and average pain over 24 hours, and pain now, fatigue, and worst sleep disturbance
• Brief Fatigue Inventory
• One item from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
• Summary scores were calculated as the average for each symptom, and cluster severity score was calculated as the z-transformation of the average of symptom summary scores.
• MD Anderson Symptom Inventory scores of overall average calculated across six items
• Profiles of Mood States short form

CB strategies were used an average of 13.65 times (SD = 6.98) during the two weeks. Patients in the control group were significantly more depressed at baseline (p = .003). Total cluster scores post-intervention were lower in the intervention group (eta² 0.052, p = .032). Examination of individual symptoms showed differences between groups in pain (P = .006) and fatigue, but not in sleep.

Use of various patient self-controlled relaxation and imagery recordings appeared to have a beneficial effect in reducing pain and fatigue compared to controls. No clear effect was seen on sleep disruption.

• Small sample (less than 100)
• Baseline sample/group differences of import
• Risk of bias (no blinding)
• Risk of bias (no appropriate attentional control condition)
• Measurement validity/reliability questionable
• Other limitations/explanation: More study dropouts in the intervention group; short follow-up period; validity and reliability of cluster measurement methods is unclear.

Findings suggest that patient use of relaxation and imagery instructions and recordings may improve management of pain and fatigue during cancer treatment.

To assess the efficacy of a cognitive-behavioral (CB) therapy intervention for the symptom cluster of pain, fatigue, and sleep disturbance

Patients were randomized to the CB group or a waitlist control group. The intervention was a single, one-on-one training session with a research nurse providing information about causes of pain, fatigue, and sleep disturbance. Patients learned how CB strategies could affect symptoms and received an overview of 12 strategies and recommendations to practice. CB strategies included relaxation and imagery approaches. Patients were provided scripted recordings to use on an MP3 player and written instructions. Participants were followed for two weeks, and study assessments were completed at baseline and at two weeks. The control group received usual care. Intervention patients kept a log recording each use of CB strategies, and all patients in both groups were taught to complete a daily symptom diary. Follow-up phone calls were made to both groups on study days 2 and 7 and at the end of the two-week study period. Postintervention measures of symptom severity were mailed to participants to complete and provide to clinic staff members.

• N = 78
• MEAN AGE = 60.29 years (SD = 11.09 years)
• MALES: 41%, FEMALES: 59%
• KEY DISEASE CHARACTERISTICS: Lung, prostate, colorectal, and gynecologic cancers; 72% receiving chemotherapy
• OTHER KEY SAMPLE CHARACTERISTICS: 86% took antiemetics, 71% took steroids, and 59% took opioids; 93% were white; 74% had at least an undergraduate college education

• SITE: Multi-site
• SETTING TYPE: Outpatient
• LOCATION: Wisconsin, United States

• PHASE OF CARE: Active antitumor treatment

Randomized, controlled trial

• 0–10 numeric scales for worst, least, and average pain over 24 hours and for current pain and fatigue, and worst sleep disturbance
• Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI)
• Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) (one item used)
• Summary scores were calculated as an average for each symptom, and cluster severity scores were calculated as the z-transformation of average of symptom summary scores.
• The MD Anderson Symptom Interference (MDASI) scores overall average were calculated across six items.
• Profiles of Mood States Short Form (POMS-SF)

CB strategies were used an average of 13.65 times (SD = 6.98) during the two weeks. Patients in the control group were significantly more depressed at baseline (p = 0.003). Total cluster scores postintervention were lower in the intervention group (eta² = 0.052, p = 0.032). An examination of individual symptoms showed differences between the groups in pain and fatigue but not in sleep.

The use of various patient-controlled relaxation and imagery recordings appeared to have a beneficial effect in reducing pain and fatigue compared to a control group. There was no clear effect on sleep disruption.

• Small sample (< 100)
• Baseline sample/group differences of import
• Risk of bias (no blinding)
• Measurement validity/reliability questionable
• Other limitations/explanation: More study drop-outs in intervention group; short follow-up period; validity and reliability of cluster measurement methods unclear

The findings of this study suggest that patient use of relaxation and imagery instructions and recordings may improve the management of pain and fatigue during cancer treatment.

This intervention was music versus simple distraction and control (treatment as usual).

The study reported on a sample of 58 patients with cancer having painful, cancer-related medical procedures.

A randomized controlled trial design was used.

• Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S) pre- and post-procedure
• Pain intensity (0–10)
• Perceived control (single item, 0–10)

There were no significant differences in post-procedure anxiety (no p values reported), pain, or perceived control across conditions.

• The study had a small sample size.
• One-third of the sample used analgesics and anxiolytics.

To examine the evidence and produce recommendations for exercise and lymphedema management in female breast cancer survivors

• Databases searched were MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, PapersFirst, ProceedingsFirst, WorldCat, PEDro, National Guidelines Clearing House, DARE, and ACP Journal Club.
• Search keywords were lymphedema, swelling, edema and keywords for exercise, such as physical activity, physical therapy, exercise, strength training.
• Studies were included if they were randomized controlled, cohort, or case-control studies or meta-analyses or systematic reviews.
• Exclusion criteria were not specified. 

A total of 659 references were retrieved. Two authors used the Oncology Nursing Society Putting Evidence Into Practice (PEP) categories of evidence to evaluate the references.

• The final number of studies included was 19.
• The sample size across studies was 912 patients with breast cancer, with a range of 14–242.

Patients were undergoing multiple phases of care.

Resistance exercises were determined to be \"Likely to be effective.\" Aerobic and resistance exercise were rated as \"Benefits balanced with harms,\" though no clear harms were obvious in the review of the studies. Other exercise approaches studied were deemed \"Effectiveness not established.\"

Benefits of exercise have been reported, and this review suggests that current evidence supports the use of resistance exercising.

• The method of evaluating aerobic exercise was not clear.
• Not all studies included use of compression garments during exercise.

Findings support the use of resistance exercise in women with breast cancer for the management of arm lymphedema.

To examine the perceived effects and experiences of mindfulness-based stress-reduction (MBSR) training as described by patients with cancer

Eight group sessions of a modified MBSR program using relaxation, meditation, and yoga exercises. The instructors were two clinical psychologists. At the end of the intervention, quantitative psychological measures were assessed and participants were invited to participate in a semistructured telephone interview regarding their experiences. This study reports on the data from the qualitative analysis of interviews.

• Mean patient age was 54 years, with a range of 31–65 years.
• The sample was 100% female.
• Seventeen patients had breast cancer and 1 had lymphatic cancer.
• All patients had been treated with chemotherapy, and the patients with breast cancer had also been treated with surgery and radiation therapy.
• Twenty-eight percent of the participants were on antidepressive medication.

• Single site
• Sweden

• Patients were undergoing long-term follow-up.
• The study has clinical applicability for late effects and survivorship.

A qualitative study design was used.

Thematic analysis of audiotaped interview transcripts

Meditation and yoga exercises were experienced as most positive. The group itself offered a positive effect through shared experience, nonjudgmental approach, and acceptance.

The thematic analysis was insufficient to offer support for the researchers’ conclusions.

• The study had a small, self-selected sample.
• Thematic analysis and participant characteristics were not explored sufficiently to recommend the intervention.

This intervention requires significant training, time, and effort for implementation.

To test the hypothesis that massage would decrease pain and analgesic medicine use

To explore effects on quality of life and physical and emotional symptom distress

Patients were randomly assigned to a massage treatment group or to a control group in which patients received simple touch controlled for time and attention. Individual baseline data for disease characteristics, pain, symptom distress, quality of life, functional status, expectations from massage, and concurrent interventions were collected within 72 hours of study inclusion and at three weekly visits over the three to four weeks of study participation, for measurement of sustained effects. Data collectors were blinded to study group assignment. Participants received up to three 30-minute treatments over two weeks with at least 24 hours between treatment sessions, according to a schedule jointly determined by the patient and the treatment provider. Treatment providers obtained immediate outcome data prior to and following each treatment. All participants received routine care in addition to study interventions. Massage intervention included gentle effleurage, petrissage, and myofascial trigger point release. The most frequently massaged areas were neck and upper back and arms, hands, lower legs, and feet. Massages were performed by licensed massage therapists who had at least six months’ experience working with patients with advanced cancer. Control touch included placement of both hands on the participant bilaterally on the neck, shoulder blades, lower back, calves, heels, clavicles, lower arms, hands, patellae, and feet with light and consistent pressure. All treatment providers had standardized hands-on training and were evaluated for competency.

• The study reported on 348 patients.
• Mean patient age was 65.2 years (SD = 14.4) in the experimental group, and 64.2 years (SD = 14.4) in the control group.
• The sample was 61% female and 39% male.
• The most common diagnoses were breast and lung cancers.
• All patients had metastatic disease, 27% had bone metastasis, 54% had constant pain, and 26% had neuropathic pain.
• Of the sample, 44% were married or in a committed relationship, 39%–42% had a college level or higher education, and 86% were non-Hispanic white.
• In the experimental group, 77% were receiving care at home, and 81% were receiving care at home in the control group.
• Mean worst pain in 24 hours in both groups was 6.4 or greater at baseline.

• Multisite
• 15 U.S. hospices and the University of Colorado Cancer Center

The study was a randomized, single-blind, controlled trial.

• Memorial Pain Assessment Card (MPAC) using a 0–10 point scale for immediate effect
• Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) for sustained measure
• MPAC Mood Scale
• McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire
• Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale (MSAS)
• Recording of name, dose, and frequency of medication for symptom management

Both massage and touch were associated with significant improvements in immediate and sustained pain outcomes. Massage was superior to touch, but the difference was not statistically significant. Both groups demonstrated statistical, but not clinically significant, improvement in BPI scores. Both massage and simple touch were reported to be associated with statistically significant immediate improvement in mood, with massage showing statistically superior effect compared to touch. Confidence intervals were provided, but significance levels were not reported. Both groups demonstrated improvement in physical and emotional symptom distress and quality of life across weekly evaluations, but there were no differences between groups. There were no adverse effects associated with the interventions, and no differences in general adverse events or mortality between groups. Differences in pain medication use were not reported.

Both massage and simple touch appeared to have immediate beneficial effects on pain and mood in these patients. Both groups experienced slight improvement in pain, quality of life, and symptom distress over time. These changes were minimal, showing statistical significance but not clinical relevance.

• Findings are limited to patients with very advanced cancer, the majority of whom were in hospice programs, and may not be applicable to other patient groups.
• There was no usual care control group.
• Having an appropriate attentional control group was useful, but given the findings that both study groups experienced benefits, the attention itself may be the most relevant factor in changes seen.

Simple touch appeared to have a short-term positive effect on patient mood and pain experience. This is an intervention that should be easy to provide for patients and could be something that caregivers could also be educated to provide. This intervention could be useful for intermittent use as an adjunct to other interventions for pain management. Formal massage did not provide significantly greater effects. Given findings of simple touch in the population studied here, evaluation of this approach in other patient groups can be useful.

To test the hypothesis that massage would decrease pain and analgesic medicine use

Patients were randomly assigned to a massage treatment group or to a control group in which patients received simple touch controlled for time and attention. Individual baseline data for disease characteristics, pain, symptom distress, quality of life, functional status, expectations from massage, and concurrent interventions were collected within 72 hours of study inclusion and at three weekly visits over the three to four weeks of study participation for measurement of sustained effects. Data collectors were blinded to study group assignment. Participants received up to three 30-minute treatments over two weeks, with at least 24 hours between treatment sessions, according to a schedule jointly determined by the patient and the treatment provider. Treatment providers obtained immediate outcome data prior to and following each treatment. All participants received routine care in addition to study interventions. Massage intervention included gentle effleurage, petrissage, and myofascial trigger point release. Most frequently massaged areas were neck and upper back, arms, hands, lower legs, and feet. Massages were performed by licensed massage therapists who had at least six months’ experience working with patients with advanced cancer. Control touch included placement of both hands on the participant bilaterally on the neck, shoulder blades, lower back, calves, heels, clavicles, lower arms, hands, patellae, and feet with light and consistent pressure. All treatment providers had standardized hands-on training and were evaluated for competency.

• The study had 348 participants.
• Mean participant age was 65.2 ±14.4 in the experimental group and 64.2 ±14.4 in the control group.
• The sample was 61% female and 39% male.
• The most common diagnoses were breast and lung cancers; 100% had metastatic disease, and 27% had bone metastasis.
• Fifty-four percent had constant pain, and 26% of participants’ pain was neuropathic.
• Forty-four percent were married or in a committed relationship, 39%–42% had a college education level or higher, and 86% were non-Hispanic white.
• In the experimental group, 77% were receiving care at home; in the control group, 81% were receiving care at home.
• Mean worst pain in 24 hours in both groups was 6.4 or greater at baseline.

• Multisite
• Other setting
• 15 U.S. hospices and the University of Colorado Cancer Center

• End-of-life care phase
• End of life and palliative care

A randomized, single-blind, controlled trial design was used.

• Memorial Pain Assessment Card (MPAC): 0–10 point scale for immediate effect
• Brief Pain Inventory (BPI): For sustained measure
• MPAC Mood Scale
• McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire
• Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale (MSAS)
• Recording of name, dose, and frequency of medication for symptom management

Both massage and touch were associated with significant improvements in immediate and sustained pain outcomes. Massage was superior to touch, but the difference was not statistically significant. Both groups demonstrated statistical, but not clinically significant, improvement in BPI scores. Both massage and simple touch were reported to be associated with statistically significant immediate improvement in mood, with massage showing statistically superior effect compared to touch. Confidence intervals were provided but significance levels were not reported. Both groups demonstrated improvement in physical and emotional symptom distress and quality of life across weekly evaluations, but there were no differences between groups. There were no adverse effects associated with the interventions, and no differences in general adverse events or mortality between groups. Differences in pain medication use were not reported.

Both massage and simple touch appeared to have immediate beneficial effects on pain and mood in these patients. Both groups experienced slight improvement in pain, quality of life, and symptom distress over time. These changes were minimal, showing statistical significance but not clinical relevance.

• Findings are limited to patients with very advanced cancer, the majority of whom were in hospice programs, and may not be applicable to other patient groups.
• There was no usual care control group. Having an appropriate attentional control group was useful, but given the findings that both study groups experienced benefits, the attention itself may be the most relevant factor in changes seen.

Simple touch appeared to have a short-term positive effect on patient mood and pain experience. This is an intervention that should be easy to provide for patients, and could be something that caregivers could also be educated to provide. This intervention could be useful for intermittent use as an adjunct to other interventions for pain management. Formal massage did not provide significantly greater effects. Given findings of simple touch in the population studied here, evaluation of this approach in other patient groups can be useful.

To evaluate the effect of venlafaxine 75 mg daily oral administration on peripheral neuropathy (PN) pain severity reduction rates in patients on taxane- or oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy with moderate to severe painful chemotherapy-induced PN (CIPN) compared to participants who refused treatment

• N = 199   
• MEAN AGE = 52.78 years
• MALES: 15.1%, FEMALES: 84.9%
• CURRENT TREATMENT: Chemotherapy
• KEY DISEASE CHARACTERISTICS: Participants had diagnosed and patient-reported moderate to severe painful CIPN while on a taxane- (45.7% of participants), paclitaxel and carboplatin– (30.2%), or oxaliplatin-based regimens (24.1%). Most patients had breast, gynecologic, or colorectal cancer of any stage. Most individuals (68%) were either older than age 65 years or had diabetes.
• OTHER KEY SAMPLE CHARACTERISTICS: All 91 patients in the treatment group had mild depression treated with oral venlafaxine 75 mg daily. Participants were eligible if they had no history of prior neurotoxic chemotherapy, motor CIPN, diabetic PN, alcohol dependence, neurological metastases, or unstable psychological condition. Patients were also excluded if they were taking psychotropic or analgesic medications, including opioids, gabapentin, pregabalin, and drugs that could influence serotonin levels. However, selected analgesics were allowed, such as acetaminophen, aspirin, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

• SITE: Single site   
• SETTING TYPE: Not specified    
• LOCATION: University Hospital in Turkey

• PHASE OF CARE: Active antitumor treatment
• APPLICATIONS: Elder care, palliative care

Retrospective, case-control, nonblinded design with a venlafaxine-treated group and a case-matched control group that had rejected CIPN treatment

Every three weeks, PN was measured using the 10-item NPSI mean composite score, which ranged from 0 (“no pain”) to 10 (“worst pain imaginable”). Each NPSI item used the same 0–10 NRS to measure patient-reported severity for the past 24 hours of various neuropathic pain symptoms (e.g., burning pain, pain provoked by cold, abnormal pin-and-needle sensations). The severity of venlafaxine-associated adverse effects was also measured using the CTCAE, version 4.03, ranging from 0 (normal) to 4 (life-threatening).

This study provided weak evidence supporting the superiority of venlafaxine compared to no venlafaxine in decreasing PN symptoms among participants with moderate to severe painful CIPN and mild depression while receiving taxane- and/or platinum-based chemotherapy. Participants who received venlafaxine 75 mg once daily experienced a reduction in painful and nonpainful PN symptoms after three weeks that continued through nine weeks, compared to no change in participants who did not receive venlafaxine. Participants with milder PN before treatment experienced the most benefit. However, these results may not be reliable or valid because of the retrospective design and potentially biased study procedures/methods/analysis.

• Baseline sample/group differences of import
• Risk of bias (no blinding)
• Risk of bias (no random assignment)
• Risk of bias (no appropriate attentional control condition)
• Risk of bias (sample characteristics)
• Unintended interventions or applicable interventions not described that would influence results
• Key sample group differences that could influence results
• Measurement/methods not well described
• Measurement validity/reliability questionable 
• Findings not generalizable
• Questionable protocol fidelity
• No report or control for potential confounding factors, such as chemotherapy factors, cancer stage, smoking, supplementation with neuroprotectants or vitamins, vitamin B deficiency, peripheral arterial disease, and diabetes (without PN)
• It was unclear at what time participants initiated venlafaxine in relation to their chemotherapy treatment, and whether all participants received chemotherapy throughout the entire study or if some had already completed treatment; therefore, differing cumulative doses of chemotherapy and maturation effects could have biased the results.
• Although the article reported, “Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics were distributed in the two groups (Table 1),” no chi square p values were reported comparing baseline cancer type and chemotherapy regimen between the two groups.
• Although prior evidence supports the validity/reliability of non-English versions of the NPSI sum score in patients with other neuropathic pain conditions, no evidence was cited to support its validity/reliability as a mean score and among English-speaking participants with painful CIPN.
• No discussion of who extracted data from the charts
• Effect size was not reported, and the authors' analysis methods (two-way repeated measure ANOVA) may not have been appropriate to evaluate between- and within-group differences in two independent groups. Rather, a mixed model may have been more appropriate.

Additional testing of venlafaxine in large prospective, randomized, controlled trials is needed before it can be used in clinical practice to treat CIPN. However, the positive results of this trial emphasize the importance of continual nursing assessment of PN signs and symptoms throughout chemotherapy because pain treatments may be most beneficial to patients with acute mild CIPN.

The primary aim of this study was to determine if micafungin is an effective and safe antifungal prophylaxis to be used for neutropenic pediatric patients undergoing chemotherapy treatment or stem cell transplantation treatment for cancer.  

Patient records were reviewed for pediatric oncology patients who received micafungin via IV (3 mg/kg per day) while they were neutropenic from May 2006 to September 2008. A total of 40 children were included in a record review that encompassed 146 patient cycles of chemotherapy.

• The sample consisted of 40 patients.
• Ages ranged from 1–17 years old.
• Key disease characteristics included acute leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and solid tumors.
• Although 40 patients were treated prophylactically with micafungin, 39 of them received chemotherapy or stem cell transplantation for their disease. One did not receive either chemotherapy or stem cell transplantation as treatment for their cancer.
   

A single-site setting.

• The phase of care was active treatment
• The application was pediatrics
   

 Retrospective

Development of probable, proven, or suspected invasive fungal infection.

Of the 40 records reviewed, a total of 131 patient cycles were noted for chemotherapy and 15 patient cycles for those undergoing stem cell transplantation. Thirty of 40 patients had successful prevention of invasive fungal infection. Only one patient developed a diagnosed fungal infection, the rest of the failures were suspected fungal infections.

Based on this study, it appears that micafungin may be a safe and effective prophylactic treatment for fungal infection in pediatric patients with cancer. A larger randomized study would be beneficial to prove the success rates in a larger randomized group.

•  The study had a small sample size (less than 100).
•  Invasive fungal infections are more prominent in hematologic malignancies as opposed to solid tumors, thus combining these two populations in a study may skew the results for positive benefit.
   

Micafungin is generally tolerated well with minor side effects and minimal drug-to-drug interactions as opposed to other treatment for fungal prophylaxis. More exclusive, randomized studies are needed to determine if it is appropriate for all patient populations and demographics.

To compare the efficacy of triplet versus doublet antiemetic prophylaxis in patients receiving carboplatin-based chemotherapy

Patients were randomized to triple drug or doublet prophylaxis. Both groups received palonosetron 0.75 mg on day 1 and dexamethasone 8 mg on days 1–3. In addition, those randomized to triple drug therapy received aprepitant 125 mg on day 1 and 80 mg on days 2–3.  Physicians recorded the use of rescue therapy.

• N = 80
• KEY SAMPLE CHARACTERISTICS: Patients were chemotherapy naive.

• SITE: Multi-site   
• SETTING TYPE: Not specified    
• LOCATION: Japan

PHASE OF CARE: Active antitumor treatment

Open-label, randomized, two-group trial

Complete response rate was defined as no vomiting or rescue therapy.

Aprepitant and control groups showed overall complete response rates of 80.5% and 76.9%, respectively. No significant difference existed between groups. No differences existed in patient reports of nausea.

Doublet antiemetic prophylaxis using palonosetron was as effective as triplet antiemetic treatment for the control of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV).

• Measurement/methods not well described
• Method of measurement of nausea was not described.  
• Nausea apparently was not considered in the definition of complete control.

The finding suggest that antiemetics with a 5-HT₃ and dexamethasone were as effective as triplet therapy, including an NK₁, for control of CINV in patients receiving carboplatin. The 5-HT₃ used here was palonosetron. A variety of mixed evidence exists regarding the comparative efficacy of doublet versus triplet antiemetics for CINV, as well as the comparative efficacy of dexamethasone-paring regimens and olanzapine-based regimens. Ongoing research and evaluation of comparative effectiveness for various chemotherapy regimens are needed. Multiple factors need to be considered in individualization of antiemetic treatments, and nurses need to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions across cycles to provide the most effective regimen for each patient.