Freyer, G., You, B., Villet, S., Tartas, S., Fournel-Federico, C., Trillet-Lenoir, V., . . . Falandry, C. (2014). Open-label uncontrolled pilot study to evaluate complementary therapy with Ruta graveolens 9c in patients with advanced cancer. Homeopathy, 103, 232–238.
To investigate if Ruta graveolens 9c can improve quality of life and reduce tumor progression in patients with advanced disease.
Ruta graveloens is a medicinal plant that has been historically used to treat various inflammatory conditions Ruta graveloens was given at a 9c dilution in 1 ml ampules. The extract was taken orally twice daily for eight weeks. Patients continued treatment until there was tumor or clinical progression. Study data were obtained on day 1 and at weeks 8, 16, 28, 40, and 52. Examination and tumor markers were evaluated every four weeks.
Quality of life improved by week 8 (p < 0.001) and week 16 (p = 0.035). There were no significant changes in anxiety or depression scores. Mean duration of treatment was 3.3 months and median progression free survival was 1.9 months. Ninety percent had at least one adverse event, with an average of nine events per patient. Most comment symptoms were abdominal pain, fatigue, musculoskeletal pain, and headaches. None of the events were considered to be related to the study treatment.
Treatment with Ruta graveolens 9c did not have a demonstrable effect on anxiety or depression.
Ruta graveolens did not have an effect on anxiety or depression in this study.
Freye, E., Levy, J.V., & Braun, D. (2007). Effervescent morphine results in faster relief of breakthrough pain in patients compared to immediate release morphine sulfate tablet. Pain Practice, 7, 324–331.
To compare effervescent morphine to immediate release (IR) during breakthrough pain
Dosage adjustments of fixed schedule opioid could be made at the discretion of the investigator. Patients documented onset time, efficacy, and side effects of IR morphine given for breakthrough pain for one month. They were to take it within five minutes of breakthrough pain and titrate until sufficient relief, starting at 20 mg (equivalent to one effervescent tab). For the second month, the patients took effervescent morphine. They were instructed to take it within five minutes (they could take an additional one after 10 minutes) up to a max of four tabs for a single breakthrough pain episode. Patients could take non-investigational drugs for control of adverse effects (e.g., nausea, constipation, sedation). This was a long-term study that lasted up to six months.
During the IR morphine month, the mean VAS score was 8 and decreased to 3. During the effervescent morphine month, the mean VAS score of 7.8 decreased to 3.2. No statistically significant difference was seen between IR morphine and effervescent morphine; however, the difference was significant (p < 0.001) when comparing pain intensity prior to taking effervescent morphine. The time to relief with effervescent morphine was 13 minutes and 27 minutes with IR morphine (statistically significant, p < 0.001). Effervescent morphine decreased the number of breakthrough pain episodes from a mean of 3.3 per day to 2 per day. This was statistically significant (p < 0.01).
Although effervescent morphine had a faster onset, it does not compare with the onset of transmucosal fentanyl citrate (7–10 minutes).
Freitas, A.C., Campos, L., Brandao, T.B., Cristofaro, M., Eduardo Fde, P., Luiz, A.C., ... Simoes, A. (2014). Chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis: Effect of LED and laser phototherapy treatment protocols. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery, 32, 81–87.
A prospective study to compare the effect of an established laser therapy protocol with a potential therapy utilizing LED (light-emitting diode) on chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis
Both therapies analyzed in this study were efficient in preventing breaks in treatment.
LED phototherapy may be a viable alternative to traditional laser therapy to treat oral mucositis. This study, however, is small and has several flaws. Nurses should educate patients on proper oral hygiene to be used in combination with LED and laser therapy to promote optimal healing.
Freifeld, A.G., Bow, E.J., Sepkowitz, K.A., Boeckh, M.J., Ito, J.I., Mullen, C.A., . . . Wingard, J.R. (2011). Clinical practice guideline for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancer: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 52, e56-e93.
To provide a guide for the use of antimicrobial agents for chemotherapy-induced fever and neutropenia in patients with cancer. The patient population targeted included adult and pediatric patients with neutropenia.
For this guideline document, the IDSA Standards and Practice Guidelines Committee reconvened many members of their original guideline panel, together with additional experts, in the management of patients with fever and neutropenia. The committee included experts in infectious diseases, oncology, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in both adult and pediatric patients. The literature was reviewed and graded according to a systematic weighting of the level and grade of the evidence for making a recommendation.
Patients were undergoing the active treatment phase of care.
Antibiotic Prophylaxis
Fluoroquinolone prophylaxis should be considered for high-risk neutropenic patients (patients expected to have absolute neutrophil counts (ANCs) of 100 cells/mm3 or lower for more than seven days. Levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin are the agents that have been evaluated the most and are generally equivalent, although levofloxacin is preferred for patients at risk for oral mucositis-related invasive viridans group streptococcal infection (B-1). The addition of a gram-positive active agent to fluoroquinolone prophylaxis is not recommended (A-1). Antibacterial prophylaxis is not indicated for low-risk patients anticipated to be neutropenic for less than seven days (A-III).
Antifungal Prophylaxis
Patients at high risk for candida infection, such as recipients of allogeneic HSCT and patients with acute leukemia undergoing intensive chemotherapy, should be treated with antifungal prophylaxis with fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, micafungin, or caspofungin (A-I). Patients aged 13 years or older who are undergoing intensive chemotherapy for acute leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome who are at high risk for aspergillus infection may be treated with posaconazole for antifungal prophylaxis (B-I). Prophylaxis against aspergillus infection is not effective in recipients of pre-engraftment HSCTs, but it is recommended for patients with a prior history of invasive aspergillosis (A-III), anticipated neutropenia of at least two weeks (C-III), or a prolonged period of neutropenia prior to transplantation (C-III). Antifungal prophylaxis is not recommended for patients with an anticipated duration of neutropenia of less than seven days (A-III).
Antiviral Prophylaxis
Herpes simplex virus–positive patients undergoing allogeneic HSCT or leukemia induction therapy should receive acyclovir antiviral prophylaxis (A-I). Annual influenza vaccination is recommended for all patients being treated for cancer (A-II). The optimal timing has not been established, but serologic responses may be best between chemotherapy cycles (more than seven days after the last treatment) or more than two weeks prior to the start of therapy (B-III).
Colony-Stimulating Factors
Colony-stimulating factors are recommended for prophylaxis against neutropenia when the anticipated risk of fever and neutropenia is 20% or greater.
Prevention of Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections
Hand hygiene, maximal sterile barrier precautions, and cutaneous antisepsis with chlorhexidine are recommended for all central venous catheter insertions (A-I).
Hand Hygiene
Hand hygiene is the most effective means of preventing infection in the hospital (A-II).
Environment
HSCT recipients should be in private rooms (B-III). Patients with neutropenia do not need to be placed in single-patient rooms. Allogeneic HSCT recipients should be in rooms with more than 12 air exchanges, high-efficiency particulate absorption filtration, and positive pressure (A-III). Plants and dried or fresh flowers should not be allowed in the rooms of hospitalized neutropenic patients (B-III).
Isolation and Barrier Precautions
No specific protective gear (gowns, gloves, or masks) are necessary during the routine care of neutropenic patients. Standard barrier precautions should be used for all patients when contact with body fluids is anticipated.
Food
In general, food should be well cooked. Well-cleaned uncooked fruits and vegetables are acceptable.
Skin and Oral Care
Daily showers are recommended to maintain skin integrity (expert opinion). Patients should brush their teeth two times per day or more with a regular toothbrush, and flossing can be performed if it can be performed without trauma (expert opinion). Patients with mucositis should rinse their mouths with sterile water, saline, or sodium bicarbonate rinses four to six times per day (expert opinion). Menstruating immunocompromised women should avoid tampons (expert opinion). Rectal thermometers, enemas, suppositories, and rectal examinations are contraindicated for patients with neutropenia (expert opinion).
This was a comprehensive guideline developed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) to guide clinicians in the care of patients with chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and in the management of febrile neutropenia. The full guide can be located at http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/52/4/e56.full.
Freeman, L.W., White, R., Ratcliff, C.G., Sutton, S., Stewart, M., Palmer, J.L., . . . Cohen, L. (2014). A randomized trial comparing live and telemedicine deliveries of an imagery-based behavioral intervention for breast cancer survivors: Reducing symptoms and barriers to care. Psycho-Oncology. Advance online publication.
To determine the effects of guided imagery training on quality of life (QOL) for survivors of breast cancer
Trained professionals facilitated five weekly live (LD) or teleconference (TD) group sessions. The initial four sessions each included four one-hour modules of training in guided imagery (i.e., four hours per week). Each module was divided equally between a didactic lesson and an interactive small group activity. Didactic lessons provided education on the mind-body connection, particularly the influence of mental imagery and corresponding sensory experiences on physiologic processes. Small group activities incorporated opportunities to process lessons and to practice active and targeted imagery aimed at improving QOL. Each week, participants were given a guided imagery CD to reinforce current lessons and to promote the practice of imagery techniques daily. The fifth week provided a final group check-in for individuals to share their future plans for incorporating imagery into daily life. Weekly calls were made to encourage daily practice during the intervention and for three months postintervention. Waitlist controls (WLs) received no intervention. Outcome measures were assessed before the behavioral intervention and at one and three months after the intervention.
Randomized, waitlist-controlled trial
Both intervention groups (LD and TD) reported better cognitive function, less fatigue, and less sleep disturbance than waitlist controls (p < .01 for both). The LD and TD groups did not differ in any outcomes. No group effects were found for the other QOL outcomes. No time or group-by-time effects were found for any outcomes. A smaller portion of LD and TD participants reported clinically meaningful sleep disturbances (p < .01 for both) and fatigue (p < .05 for both) at the follow-up assessments.
After five weeks, the group guided imagery course provided by a trained facilitator may improve patient-reported cognitive impairment, sleep disturbances, and fatigue in breast cancer survivors. The delivery of this intervention in person or via teleconference produced the same results, suggesting that the intervention may be appropriate for use in telemedicine.
A group guided imagery course, delivered live or via teleconference by a trained facilitator, may improve cognitive impairment, sleep disturbance, and fatigue for breast cancer survivors. However, more research with larger samples and a longer follow-up is warranted to determine whether the intervention is effective and practical.
Freedman, G.M., Li, T., Nicolaou, N., Chen, Y., Ma, C.C.-M., & Anderson, P.R. (2009). Breast intensity-modulated radiation therapy reduces time spent with acute dermatitis for women of all breast sizes during radiation. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics, 74, 689–694.
To determine differences in toxicity and time spent with radiation-induced dermatitis during a course of conventional radiation therapy (RT) or intensity modulated RT (IMRT)
At the time of treatment, a physician and nurse prospectively evaluated the skin and recorded the maximum skin toxicity each week. Chi-square and Wilcoxon analysis was used to find differences between groups from retrospective data. Multivariate analysis determined significant predictors of grade 2 or higher radiation dermatitis
The study included cases treated at Fox Chase Cancer Center in Philadelphia, PA.
The study used a retrospective analysis design, using cases from 2001–2006.
In all breast size groupings, a significantly lower percentage of patients in the IMRT group developed grade 2 or higher radiation dermatitis (p ≤ 0.0004). Per group, volumes that developed a maximum toxicity of grade 2 or higher were 52% for IMRT and 75% for CRT. The time spent per week of radiation with grade 2 or 3 dermatitis was lower in the IMRT group. In the IMRT group, 18% of weeks were at grade 2 or 3, and in the conventional group, 71% of weeks were at grade 2 or 3. Weeks 2–6 for those receiving IMRT had significantly less toxicity (p < 0.00001). Predictors of grade 2 or greater dermatitis found to be significant (p < 0.021) were technique (e.g., use of IMRT), large bra size, treatment week, and chemotherapy or tamoxifen administered prior to or during radiation.
IMRT is associated with less skin toxicity than conventional RT.
Freedman, G.M., Anderson, P.R., Li, J., Jinsheng. L., Eisenberg, D.F., Hanlon, A.L., . . . Nicolaou, N. (2006). Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) decreases acute skin toxicity for women receiving radiation for breast cancer. American Journal of Clinical Oncology, 29, 66–70.
To determine the incidence and severity of acute skin toxicity with IMRT compared to conventional RT
Women treated with breast conserving surgery and IMRT were matched one to one with historical controls based on bra size and chest wall separation. Maximum recorded skin toxicity during six weeks of RT was compared between the two groups using Chi-squared analysis or Fisher-exact tests. Cases were grouped for analysis by bra size.
The study took place at Fox Chase Cancer Center.
The study used a prospective comparison with matched historical controls design.
Acute skin toxicity was scored using the National Cancer Institute (NCI) common terminology criteria (CTC) for acute radiation dermatitis by the physician or nurse weekly during treatment. Scores given to evaluate erythema were grade 1 for mild and grade two for moderate. Scores given for desquamation were grade 1 for dry and grade 2 or 3 for moist. Additional variables included in analysis were chest wall separation, total energy megavoltage, use and timing of chemotherapy, use and timing of tamoxifen, and tumor stage.
The degree of desquamation was greater for conventional patients (p = 0.0001). In the IMRT group, 21% had grade 2, compared to 38% in the RT group. Grade 1 desquamation was higher in the IMRT group (37% IMRT, 10% RT). No patient had grade 3 desquamation. There were no differences between the two groups in CTC or erythema scores. Subgroup analysis showed that the incidence and severity of desquamation by bra size was significantly lower in the IMRT group for small and large breast sizes (p < 0.04) but not for medium sizes. Use of IMRT (p = 0.0011) and breast size (p < 0.0001) were the only significant predictors for having moist desquamation.
IMRT was associated with reduced incidence and severity of desquamation.
Although CTV was found to be a significant predictive variable, it was not included in the stepwise regression analysis.
Franco, P., Migliaccio, F., Angelini, V., Cante, D., Sciacero, P., Peruzzo Cornetto, A., . . . Ricardi, U. (2014). Palliative radiotherapy for painful bone metastases from solid tumors delivered with static ports of tomotherapy (TomoDirect): Feasibility and clinical results. Cancer Investigation, 32, 458–463.
To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of palliative radiation therapy given via static ports of tomotherapy
Tomotherapy is a treatment modality that delivers a series of highly modulated linear beam paths for hypofractionated palliative radiation therapy (RT). Doses given were 3 Gy in 10 fractions, 4 Gy in five fractions, or 8 Gy in one fraction. The selection of a schedule was individualized to patients. Pain was evaluated by physicians immediately before RT for current, worst within the past 24 hours, least, and average pain. Opioid consumption in the previous 24 hours was evaluated.
Prospective, observational study
At two weeks, response rates ranged from 49%–55% with no significant difference between the fractionation groups. Among all patients, opioid consumption decreased (p < 0.001). At two months, response rates decreased to 40%. The rate of no response was highest in the 8 Gy single fraction group. This group also had increased opioid use and more frequent retreatment.
RT is effective for pain relief in patients with painful bone metastases. This study suggested that the TomoDirect™ delivery of RT can be feasible and effective.
RT was effective for pain reduction in patients with painful bone metastases; however, the duration of palliation may be brief. Studies have suggested that multiple fractionation for RT delivery may be more effective.
Francis, M., & Williams, S. (2013). Effectiveness of Indian turmeric powder with honey as complementary therapy on oral mucositis: A nursing perspective among cancer patients in Mysore. Nursing Journal of India, 105, 258–260.
To test the effectiveness of the application of a mixture of turmeric and honey on treatment-induced oral mucositis in patients receiving chemotherapy and radiation therapy
Patients were randomly assigned to receive the mixture of turmeric and honey or to a control group that did not receive the intervention. The mixture was applied for five minutes before treatment and again five minutes after treatment. Study measures were obtained on days 2, 4, and 6 of treatment.
The mucositis score was significantly lower at all post measurements in the experimental group (p < 0.05). Scores were similar between groups at baseline, but subsequent measures were lower in the experimental group.
The combination of turmeric and honey may provide some protection against the development of oral mucositis and may provide benefit for treatment.
The results of this study suggest that turmeric and honey may have some promise in the management of oral mucositis, but this study has several substantial limitations. Further well-designed research is needed. One of the basic needs for preventing and managing oral mucositis is regular mouth care, the foundation of any intervention.
Frame, D.G. (2010). Best practice management of CINV in oncology patients: I. Physiology and treatment of CINV. Multiple neurotransmitters and receptors and the need for combination therapeutic approaches. Journal of Supportive Oncology, 8(2, Suppl. 1), 5–9.
This article demonstrated the importance of combination therapy for prevention and management of CINV. The author provides a good overview of relevant physiology, mechanism of action of current agents, and current regimens used. The article points to the need for additional research with the use of olanzapine for CINV.