Fisher, M.I., Donahoe-Fillmore, B., Leach, L., O'Malley, C., Paeplow, C., Prescott, T., & Merriman, H. (2014). Effects of yoga on arm volume among women with breast cancer related lymphedema: A pilot study. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 18, 559-565.
PURPOSE: To study the effects of yoga on limb volume in women with breast cancer-related lymphedema
SECONDARY OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of eight weeks of yoga on quality of life, self-reported arm function, and grip strength
Participants attended eight weeks of Hatha yoga three times a week. Participants went to the studio two times per week (60 minutes) and watched a prerecorded DVD at home (45 minutes) once per week. They all wore compression sleeves.
Pilot study with a pre- and postintervention design
It was too early to conclude that yoga benefits breast cancer-related lymphedema. Many variables may affect arm reduction such as body mass index and duration of disease. Participants had lymphedema for greater than seven years, and their lymphedema may have been less influenced by activity and therapy. It is likely that the length of the intervention is was long enough to affect quality of life.
Many evidenced-based guidelines encouraging exercise, including yoga, exist for the breast cancer patient population. However, there is a lack of data available regarding the effects of yoga on lymphedema. Nurses can confidently refer patients to an instructor-based program or a physical therapist for safe upper body exercise. More studies with rigorous designs are needed to examine the impact of yoga on patients with cancer-related lymphedema.
Fisher, B.T., Kavcic, M., Li, Y., Seif, A.E., Bagatell, R., Huang, Y.S., . . . Aplenc, R. (2014). Antifungal prophylaxis associated with decreased induction mortality rates and resources utilized in children with new-onset acute myeloid leukemia. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 58, 502–508.
To evaluate the effectiveness of antifungal prophylaxis in children with acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
Medical data for children newly diagnosed with AML were obtained from a database of hospitals associated with the Children's Hospital Association nationwide. Only patients with AML receiving induction therapy involving cytarabine, aunorubicin, and etoposide regimens were included. Patients were followed until inpatient death, loss to follow-up, or completion of induction. Data for antibiotic use, blood cultures, and chest CTs were obtained. Exposure to antifungal prophylaxis with any agent was obtained, and decision rules were used to ensure antifungals were used for prophylaxis rather than empiric therapy. Those who did not receive any antifungal agent during the first 21 days of induction chemotherapy were considered “no prophylaxis” patients. Outcomes were analyzed and compared for those who did and did not receive prophylaxis
Of those who did not get antifungal prophylaxis, 5.32% died during induction compared to 2.42% of those receiving prophylaxis (RR = 0.42, 95% CI [0.19, 0.9]). Those receiving prophylaxis had less use of antibiotics and fewer blood cultures and CT scans. There was no significant difference in mortality between those receiving anti-mold prophylaxis and others.
Findings show that primary antifungal prophylaxis was associated with lower mortality and utilization of resources during induction for AML among pediatric patients.
Findings suggest that primary antifungal prophylaxis among pediatric patients may reduce mortality and resource utilization. These findings support the use of antifungal prophylaxis among at-risk pediatric patients.
Fish, J.A., Ettridge, K., Sharplin, G.R., Hancock, B., & Knott, V.E. (2014). Mindfulness-based cancer stress management: Impact of a mindfulness-based programme on psychological distress and quality of life. European Journal of Cancer Care, 23, 413–421.
To explore the impact of mindfulness-based cancer stress management (MBCSM) programs on depression, anxiety, and stress in individuals affected by cancer with a secondary aim to evaluate the impact of MBCSM on quality of life and spiritual well-being
Four MBCSM programs were run for clients experiencing psychological distress related to cancer diagnoses. Each group consisted of 9–13 participants. The program consisted of eight, two-hour, weekly sessions in which mindfulness exercises were provided by an experienced counselor trained in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Participants also were asked to complete 40 minutes of meditation per day with the aid of notes, practice CDs, and home worksheets. A three-hour follow-up session was offered six weeks after the completion of the program. The program was modified to incorporate elements of the mindfulness-based stress reduction program developed by Jon Kabat-Zinn in 1990. Session 4 specifically included education about the psychoneuroimmunology of stress and an exploration of the cancer survivorship experience within the context of anxiety, depression, and stress.
Single-group, quasiexperimental study of participants directly and indirectly affected by cancer
Exploratory analysis indicated that there were no significant differences between baseline scores across sociodemographic groups. A series of Friedman tests indicated that there were significant differences in the levels of global psychological distress over time. Scores were significantly higher at baseline than postintervention for levels of global distress, anxiety, and depression. Global quality of life and spiritual well-being improved significantly over time. Emotional well-being and functional well-being were significantly higher postintervention than at the baseline assessment, which was maintained from baseline to follow-up (p = .001 and p = .001, respectively). Physical well-being improved from baseline to postintervention, which was determined to be significant at follow-up (p = .012). Mindfulness scores changed significantly over time. The level of mindfulness was significantly lower at baseline than postintervention, which was maintained through follow-up (p = .001).
Overall, the results of this study were positive with significant improvements in participants' levels of global distress, anxiety, and depression from baseline to postintervention. Improvements in psychological distress were sustained up to three months postintervention. This supports preliminary research on the effectiveness of mindfulness-based therapy in the treatment of cancer-related psychological distress.
Mindfulness training should be considered for patients with cancer to improve their levels of distress, anxiety, and depression. Mindfulness programs require trained personnel, and the program should involve an intervention over time with opportunity for follow-up over time.
Fiorentino, L., McQuaid, J. R., Liu, L., Natarajan, L., He, F., Cornejo, M., . . . Ancoli-Israel, S. (2009). Individual cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in breast cancer survivors: a randomized controlled crossover pilot study. Nature and Science of Sleep, 2010, 1–8.
To examine the effects of six individual cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) sessions on sleep.
Individual CBT treatment consisted of six, one-hour weekly sessions comprised of education, behavioral components (sleep restriction, stimulus control, adhering to the sleep hygiene rules, and training in progressive muscle relaxation techniques), and cognitive interventions to counteract maladaptive thought. It also included homework assignments (sleep diaries and practicing behavioral and cognitive strategies) followed by six weeks of no-treatment follow-up. Data were collected at baseline and at the end of the first and second six-week components, and daily diary data were recorded during the treatment phase.
Patients were undergoing the long-term follow-up phase of care.
This was a randomized, controlled, crossover pilot study.
After six weeks, objective data (actigraphy) showed statistically significant differences in change scores between the treatment condition group and the delayed treatment control condition group on total sleep time, wake after sleep onset, number of awakenings per night, and percent of time asleep. There was a significant decrease in insomnia in the treatment group compared to the control group. Follow-up at six weeks showed continued improvement with a clinically significant decrease in PSQI scores. Cohen’s d effect size estimate for PSQI was large (d = 0.8).
These preliminary results suggest that individual CBT is appropriate for improving sleep in survivors of breast cancer.
If found to be effective, the intervention is potentially useful in several different settings.
Finnegan-John, J., Molassiotis, A., Richardson, A., & Ream, E. (2013). A systematic review of complementary and alternative medicine interventions for the management of cancer-related fatigue. Integrative Cancer Therapies, 12, 276–290.
To appraise the evidence of the effectiveness of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) interventions in reducing cancer-related fatigue (CRF).
Databases searched were Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, British Nursing Index, and Evidence-Based Medicine Reviews (EBMR).
The specific MEDLINE search strategy was provided.
Studies were included in the review if
Studies were excluded from the review if they were psychosocial interventions.
In total, 2,398 references were retrieved. The Jadad scale was used to appraise study quality.
Patients were undergoing multiple phases of care.
During treatment, the intervention that seemed to be the most effective was hypnosis (one study), whereas ginseng provided promising results (one study). Massage, multivitamins, herbs, yoga, relaxation therapy, and combined education and acupuncture were less effective. Sound and reliable conclusions could not be drawn due to the poor quality of the studies and varying interventions, timings, and dosages. Most studies did not describe processes to ensure intervention integrity, and the “dose” was often not well reported.
Evidence from the trials reviewed was not sufficient to support the use of the interventions examined.
Current evidence suggests a very limited role of CAM to contribute to improvement in fatigue among patients with cancer.
Finnane, A., Janda, M., & Hayes, S.C. (2015). Review of the evidence of lymphedema treatment effect. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 94, 483–498.
STUDY PURPOSE: To evaluate evidence from systematic reviews for the treatment of lymphedema
Compression therapy alone and combined with manual lymphatic drainage was supported by strong evidence. Preliminary evidence suggested that a range of other treatments also are beneficial.
CDT and compression bandaging alone or with manual lymphatic drainage were effective in managing lymphedema. Ongoing maintenance is needed to keep these gains, and nurses need to educate patients regarding this ongoing need.
Fink, D.J., Wechuck, J., Mata, M., Glorioso, J.C., Goss, J., Krisky, D., & Wolfe, D. (2011). Gene therapy for pain: Results of a phase I clinical trial. Annals of Neurology, 70, 207–212.
To assess the safety of the herpes simplex virus (HSV)–based gene transfer platform (dose escalation)
To evaluate the delivery of vector-mediated delivery of PENK on pain and on concurrent use of opioid medication
NP2, an HSV vector, was injected intradermally into the dermatome(s) corresponding to the radicular pattern of pain: Pain relief was a secondary measure evaluated by a numeric rating scale (NRS) and the Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ) on day 0 prior to doing and on postdosing days 1, 3, 7, 10, 14, 21, and 28. An SF-12 Short-Form Health Survey and complete Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status were also completed on days 0 and 28. Concurrent opiate analgesic use was recorded on postdosing days 1, 3, 7, 10, 14, 21, and 28. Phase I dose escalation was administered as 10 intradermal injections of approximately 100 microliters (total 1.0 ml) distributed within the dermatome corresponding to the radicular distribution of the pain in a single session on study day 0. The first cohort (four patients) was given a dose of 1 x 10^7 plaque-forming units (pfu) and monitored for four weeks. A second cohort (three patients) was given 1 x 10^8 pfu, and a third cohort (three patients) was given 1 x 10^9 pfu. Patients were observed for at least 12 hours after dosing before being discharged and were scheduled for reexamination at 1, 3, 7, 10, 14, 21, and 28 days postdosing and monthly thereafter. The primary outcome was safety, so patients received a full evaluation for adverse events, physical examination, vital signs, mucositis evaluation, and labs.
The study was a phase I trial.
Treatment was well-tolerated with no significant adverse effects attributable to the agent. The adverse events that were deemed as possibly related to treatment were all mild in severity and resolved. These included transient injection site erythema and pruritus, and one patient who had a transient elevation in body temperature. Those enrolled in the lowest dose of NP2 reported no changes in pain. Those enrolled in higher doses (cohorts 2 and 3) reported pain relief of approximately 50% on day 1 after dosing.
NP2 vector appears to be safe, and the method has potential to improve intractable pain. Pain relief was difficult to interpret due to the small number of patients and no control group.
Further investigation of this novel treatment is needed.
Filshie, J., Bolton, T., Browne, D., & Ashley, S. (2005). Acupuncture and self-acupuncture for long-term treatment of vasomotor symptoms in cancer patients—Audit and treatment algorithm. Acupuncture in Medicine, 23, 171–180.
Describe the effects of acupuncture and self-accupuncture on hot flash frequency and intensity
The study enrolled 182 females ages 35 to 83 and 12 men ages 49 to 79 years of age.
Researchers performed a retrospective audit of electronic charts.
The primary outcome measurement was hot flash frequency and intensity. Participants used both traditional acupuncture and self-accupuncture.
The average pre-treatment hot flash count was 16 per day. When acupuncture was added, the chart audit showed that 114 (79%) subjects achieved a 50% or greater reduction in hot flashes.
Filshie, J., Penn, K., Ashley, S., & Davis, C.L. (1996). Acupuncture for the relief of cancer-related breathlessness. Palliative Medicine, 10, 145–150.
An open pilot study to evaluate the possible therapeutic effect of acupuncture on breathlessness in patients with cancer
A nurse observer remained with the patient for the first 90 minutes of the study.
Compared to pretreatment levels, significant changes existed in breathlessness, relaxation, and anxiety VAS scores up to six hours after acupuncture, with p values of < 0.005, < 0.005, and < 0.001, respectively. No correlation was found between the anxiety score on the HADS and the effect of acupuncture on breathlessness (r = –0.14). A significant decrease existed in respiratory rate sustained for 90 minutes following acupuncture (p < 0.02). No significant changes in pulse rate or oxygen saturation (p > 0.1) were found.
Treatment contamination is a possibility, considering the nurse‘s presence and communication following the intervention. Whether the acupuncture or the individual care was more effective is unclear.
Further investigation in a randomized study is warranted.
Fillion, L., Gagnon, P., Leblond, F., Gélinas, C., Sayard, J., Dupuis, R., . . . Larochelle, M. (2008). A brief intervention for fatigue management in breast cancer survivors. Cancer Nursing, 31, 145–159.
The intervention was comprised of four weekly group meetings lasting 2.5 hours and a 5- to 15-minute telephone “booster session.” For one hour, participants were supervised by a kinesiologist or trained research nurse in walking training. A personal exercise program was established for each participant. Participants were encouraged to perform and keep records of their home-based assignments. Participants signed a contractual agreement to comply with recommendations, which were revised each week during the walking session. Participants were provided with ambulatory devices to help monitor their progress. The walking training was followed by a 1.5-hour session of psychoeducative and fatigue management techniques. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, postintervention, and at three-month follow-up.
University hospital in Quebec City, Canada
Participants were undergoing the active treatment phase of care.
This was a randomized, controlled trial.
At baseline, participants had moderate-intensity fatigue and energy levels. Women who received the intervention showed a significantly lower level of fatigue at follow-up compared with women in the control group. Similarly, women who received the intervention experienced statistically significant higher energy levels than the participants in the control group postintervention, particularly at the three-month follow-up.