Cornely, O.A., Ullmann, A.J., & Karthaus, M. (2003). Evidence-based assessment of primary antifungal prophylaxis in patients with hematologic malignancies. Blood, 101, 3365–3372.
Primary antifungal prophylaxis with fluconazole, itraconazole, or an amphotericin B product were evaluated in neutropenic patients with hematologic malignancies.
Not described.
Thirty-eight randomized, controlled trials of primary antifungal prophylaxis and 13 historically controlled or uncontrolled trials of primary antifungal prophylaxis.
More than 9,000 neutropenic patients with hematologic malignancies.
Recommended antifungal prophylactic regimens for patients with hematologic malignancies and their level of evidence:
Conventional chemotherapy
Allogeneic transplantation
Cormier, J.N., Rourke, L., Crosby, M., Chang, D., & Armer, J. (2012). The surgical treatment of lymphedema: A systematic review of the contemporary literature (2004-2010). Annals of Surgical Oncology, 19(2), 642–651.
To examine peer-reviewed literature evaluating the surgical treatment of lymphedema
Findings were grouped according to the type of procedure: excisional (8 studies, 4 involving liposuction), lymphatic reconstruction (8 studies of lymphatic venous anastomosis [LVA]), and tissue transfer (4 studies involving lymph node transfer, stromal cell transplant, lymphatic tissue transplant, and lymph node transplant). Reduction in lymphedema volume was greatest after excisional procedures (91.1%). Lymphatic reconstruction was associated with 54.9% reduction, and tissue transfer with 47.6% reduction. Overall, surgical procedures did not appear to eliminate the need for compression therapy. Follow-up duration and methods of lymphedema measurement varied substantially across studies. Quality scores for studies ranged from 2–12 across all procedure types and tended to vary considerably within surgery type grouping as well. Studies were done in both upper and lower extremities, though most LVAs were done in lower extremities. The majority of studies did not comment on postoperative complications. Authors noted that a growing body of evidence supports the use of surgical procedures for prevention of lymphedema.
Evidence related to the effectiveness of various surgical procedures for lymphedema is somewhat limited, and the ability to generalize findings also is limited given the wide variation in study quality, sample sizes, measurement methods, and lack of long-term follow up information. Surgical procedures have not been shown to eliminate the need for ongoing conventional therapies for lymphedema.
This review is limited by a lack of full information on search results, with consort type of flow charting, lack of information about disease types, and patient characteristics.
Results of surgical procedures appear to show some promise for reducing lymphedema volumes. However, current evidence is too limited to generalize and more information is needed regarding postoperative complications or long-term results. Surgical intervention has not been shown to eliminate the need for ongoing conservative and conventional interventions as well.
Cormie, P., Pumpa, K., Galvao, D.A., Turner, E., Spry, N., Saunders, C., … Newton, R.U. (2013). Is it safe and efficacious for women with lymphedema secondary to breast cancer to lift heavy weights during exercise: A randomised controlled trial. Journal of Cancer Survivorship, 7, 413–424.
To compare the effects of high and low weight load resistance exercise on lymphedema severity, symptoms, physical function and quality of life in women with breast cancer
Patients were randomly assigned to one of three groups: high load resistance exercise, low load resistance exercise, or a wait list usual care control group. Both exercise programs involved six exercises targeting the major upper body muscle groups. Intensity was moderate to high on the Borg scale. Sessions were done for 60 minutes once per week for three months and were supervised by an exercise physiologist. Patients chose whether or not to wear compression garments during exercise. Patients were instructed to maintain usual self care and activity. Outcome measures were obtained at baseline and at three months post intervention.
This was a single-site, outpatient study conducted in Australia.
This study has clinical applicability for late effects and survivorship.
This was a single-blind, randomized controlled trial.
The following measurement tools were used.
No lymphedema exacerbations or adverse events were reported. No differences across groups were found in change of swelling outcome measures or symptom severity. A nonsignificant trend toward greater improvement in grip strength was noted. Significant improvement was reported in upper body muscle endurance in both exercise groups compared to controls (p=.001). Physical functioning measurement showed significant improvement in both exercise groups compared to controls, in which the measure showed decline (p = 0.04). A fourth of the patients used compression garments during exercise.
Findings showed that women with breast cancer-related lymphedema can safely lift weight at both low and high relative load. Moderate- to high-intensity exercise may be beneficial to improve physical functioning.
This study adds to the growing body of evidence that weight lifting and high or low load resistance exercise can be safe for patients with lymphedema. Of note, the evidence in this area includes only supervised weight lifting.
Cormie, P., Galvao, D.A., Spry, N., & Newton, R.U. (2013). Neither heavy nor light load resistance exercise acutely exacerbates lymphedema in breast cancer survivor. Integrative Cancer Therapies, 12, 423–432.
To examine the acute impact of upper-body resistance exercise on lymphedema symptoms in women with breast cancer-related lymphedema
After four sessions of exercise to familiarize patients with exercise routines over a two-week period, patients were instructed to perform five upper-body resistance exercises. Both low- and high-load exercises involved moderate to high intensity. Patients were to complete two sets of all exercises. High-load sessions involved lifting as much weight as possible for 6-8 repetitions. Low-load exercises involved lifting as much weight as possible for 15–20 repetitions. Load was prescribed and progressed individually. Patients were randomly assigned to which load condition was performed first, and then, after a 10–12 day washout period, crossed over to the other load condition. An exercise physiologist supervised all sessions. Participants chose whether or not to wear compression garments during exercise. Study outcome measures were obtained prior to exercise, immediately after exercise, and at 24 and 72 hours after exercise. Patients were instructed to maintain usual self-care management and physical activities.
This was a single-site, outpatient study conducted in Australia.
This study has clinical applicability for late effects and survivorship.
The study used a randomized crossover design.
The following tools were used.
No significant differences were observed in lymphedema measures of affected arms across most time points in the study, and no differences were found between high- and low-load conditions. No significant changes were found in arm volume or circumference, and no differences were found between load conditions. No significant differences were found in severity of pain, heaviness, or tightness across all study time points.
Neither low- nor heavy-load resistance upper-body exercises had any acute impact on lymphedema symptoms.
Findings showed that prescribed and supervised moderate- to high-intensity, upper-body exercise with low and high loads did not acutely exacerbate lymphedema. Traditional conservative guidelines have recommended avoidance of excessive upper-body exercise with resistance or weight to avoid exacerbation of lymphedema. Findings from this study suggest this may not be necessary. Of note, however, is that exercise done here was supervised and only examined immediate acute effects. Long-term chronic response needs to be examined.
Cormie, P., Galvao, D.A., Spry, N., Joseph, D., Chee, R., Taaffe, D.R., . . . Newton, R.U. (2015). Can supervised exercise prevent treatment toxicity in patients with prostate cancer initiating androgen-deprivation therapy: A randomised controlled trial. BJU International, 115, 256–266.
To determine if supervised exercise minimizes toxicity in patients receiving androgen deprivation therapy (ADT)
Patients were randomly assigned to usual care or a three-month exercise program. The program included aerobic and resistance exercise sessions two times per week in various exercise clinics. Sessions were conducted in groups and supervised by exercise physiologists. Sessions were 60 minutes in length involving moderate- to high-intensity aerobics. Study measures were obtained at baseline and after three months.
Randomized controlled trial
Exercise participants attendance at sessions ranged from 14-24 sessions out of a possible 24 sessions. There was a non-significant trend for those in the exercise group to have less loss of lean body mass. Fatigue scores (SF-36) remained stable in the exercise group, whereas fatigue increased in the control group (p = 0.045). Depression remained stable in the exercise group and increased in the control group (p = 0.054). There was no difference between groups in anxiety.
Participation in a group-based, supervised, moderate- to high-intensity exercise program was associated with lower fatigue and improvement in some functional domains after three months when compared to usual care. No significant impact was noted on anxiety or depression.
The findings add to the body of evidence that exercise is beneficial for patients with cancer to reduce fatigue associated with cancer and cancer treatment.
Cordonnier, C., Rovira, M., Maertens, J., Olavarria, E., Faucher, C., Bilger, K., . . . Infectious Diseases Working Party, European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. (2010). Voriconazole for secondary prophylaxis of invasive fungal infections in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients: results of the VOSIFI study. Haematologica, 95, 1762–1768.
To determine if voriconazole is a safe and effective antifungal prophylactic agent to be used for stem cell transplant (SCT) recipients.
All patients in the study received voriconazole prophylactically in one of two ways: either intravenously with maintenance doses of 4 mg/kg every 12 hours after receiving a loading dose of 6 mg/kg every 12 hours for two doses only or 200 mg of oral voriconazole every 12 hours after receiving a loading dose of 400 mg every 12 hours for two doses only. Loading doses were administered 48 hours after completion of conditioning chemotherapy for SCT and at least three days prior to SCT. Prophylactic voriconazole was to be continued up to 100 days posttransplant and could be continued for other specific medical conditions warranting additional coverage. The efficacy of prophylactic voriconazole was assessed during screening, baseline, and regular intervals during the study, which included posttransplant follow-ups.
Patients were undergoing the active treatment phase of care.
This study was a phase III, prospective, open-label, multicenter trial.
Three of 42 patients who were given prophylactic voriconazole developed invasive fungal infections within six months of transplant (two were proven to be reoccurrences of old fungal infections and one was a probable new case).
In regard to the safety of voriconazole, the most common adverse events related to treatment included
Other adverse events that were reported in the population were
Strictly based on this study, it appears as though voriconazole is safe and effective in the prevention of newly developing or reoccurring invasive fungal infection in patients undergoing SCT.
Small sample (<100)
Adherence to antifungal prophylactic regimens in SCT recipients is imperative to them achieving survival without developing invasive fungal disease. Study findings suggest that prophylaxis with antifungals for 100 days post SCT appears safe and may be of benefit in the prevention of invasive fungal infections in this population.
Cooper, M. R., Bird, H. M., & Steinberg, M. (2009). Efficacy and safety of modafinil in the treatment of cancer-related fatigue. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 43, 721–725.
To review the efficacy and safety of modafinil for the treatment of cancer-related fatigue (CRF).
Databases searched were MEDLINE, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, and Google Scholar (1950–November 2008).
Search keywords were modafinil, cancer, and fatigue.
Studies were included in the review if they were written in English.
No exclusion criteria were specified.
Articles were identified using the keywords, and publications were analyzed for significance. References from the identified articles were also reviewed for pertinence.
This review discussed the strengths and weaknesses of four relevant studies. The authors concluded that the preliminary findings demonstrated the benefits of modafinil use with minimal toxicity and that modafinil can be considered a treatment option for patients with CRF. Additional long-term placebo-controlled trials are needed in this area.
Conn, V. S., Hafdahl, A. R., Porock, D. C., McDaniel, R., & Nielsen, P. J. (2006). A meta-analysis of exercise interventions among people treated for cancer. Supportive Care in Cancer, 14, 699–712.
Databases searched were MEDLINE, CANCERLIT, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Dissertation Abstracts, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, HealthSTAR, Clinical Evidence, and CINAHL through 2002. The authors also searched the National Institutes of Health (NIH) database of funded studies from 1986 through 2002 and conducted hand searches of selected journals.
Thirty primary study reports (24 in the published literature and the remainder in unpublished dissertations and presentation papers) contained sufficient information to be included in the quantitative analysis. Thirteen studies were designed as single-group pre/post research; the remainder compared at least two groups of patients. Only one two-group study did not randomly assign patients to study arms. Comparisons groups were most often described as having received usual care. Outcomes were quality of life, physical functional ability, fatigue, symptoms other than fatigue, mood, body composition, and exercise behavior.
Twenty-one of 30 studies tested supervised exercise interventions rather than home-based exercise. Supervised exercise was most often scheduled three times per week, and in 16 of the 21 studies of supervised exercise, the exercise program lasted longer than 10 weeks. Supervised exercise generally included aerobic activity (e.g., walking and cycling) and less often included resistance or flexibility exercise. Mixed types of aerobic exercise were used in several studies. The exercise intervention in most studies was of moderate intensity to achieve approximately 30% to 70% of maximum oxygen consumption.
The effect size estimate for the outcome of fatigue in the two-group comparisons was small and not statistically significant (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.11). However, the effect size estimate for the outcome of fatigue in the single group comparisons of pre- and posttest was larger (SMD = 0.27) and remained statistically significant under both the assumption that there was no correlation between participants’ pre- and posttest scores and that pre- and posttest scores were strongly correlated (r = 0.80).
Effect sizes among only control group participants were very small but negative; this observation may lend some support to the validity of meta-analytic findings from single-group designs.
The small, nonsignificant effect size for exercise on the outcome of fatigue may have occurred due to heterogeneity in the exercise characteristics and intervention dose, varied samples, diverse measures of outcomes, and variable outcome assessment timing.
Connors, S., Graham, S., & Peel, T. (2007). An evaluation of a physiotherapy led non-pharmacological breathlessness programme for patients with intrathoracic malignancy. Palliative Medicine, 21(4), 285–287.
This program was conducted for four years. The study was based on prior research conducted by Corner et al. (1996) and Bredin et al. (1999), also reported elsewhere in the table.
The study reported on a sample of 169 patients. All patients reported breathlessness as a symptom. Patients were referred from three sources to a physiotherapist-led breathlessness program for patients with intrathoracic malignancy. The three sources included an outpatient lung cancer clinic, the inpatient unit, or the community where they were referred by a specialist palliative care team. A screening questionnaire was used to identify the cause of breathlessness. If the cause was reversible, the patient received appropriate care. Only 14 of 169 completed the entire program.
The following tools were used at one, four, and eight weeks.
Only 14 of 169 completed the entire program. The following are characteristics of the 14 who completed the program.
Of the 14 who completed the program, pre- and post-assessment scores showed modest improvement, but it was not statistically significant. The majority did not complete the program. One hundred thirty-one patients (85%) were seen at least once and anecdotally had subjective benefit. Of those who did not complete the program, some had progressive disease and were too ill to participate or died before being seen. Median survival was 95 days.
Patients with intra-thoracic cancer may benefit from a formal nonpharmacologic program. Patients who are frail and/or on palliative care may need a more flexible program.
One hundred fifty-five patients did not complete the program because of progressive disease and associated shorter survival. The small subset who did complete the program did not show significant improvement in dyspnea measures. Dropout rate was 82% versus 41% in the Corner study and 43% in the the Bredin study. Interventions in the three studies were similar. The difference in dropout rate for this study compared to Bredin and Corner’s studies is explained by the fact that the patients in this study were older and were recruited from the totality of patients with lung cancer presenting to the cancer center.
Colson, J., Koyyalagunta, D., Falco, F.J., & Manchikanti, L. (2011). A systematic review of observational studies on the effectiveness of opioid therapy for cancer pain. Pain Physician, 14(2), E85–E102. Retrieved from http://www.painphysicianjournal.com/2011/march/2011;14;E85-E102.pdf
To assess current literature regarding the overall effectiveness of opioid therapy in cancer pain management
Studies involved a variety of opioid types and varied in terms of duration of follow-up, as the summaries that follow show.
This review identified evidence of moderate strength, from observational studies, regarding the effectiveness of opioids as a treatment for cancer pain. Authors strongly recommend opioids, by various routes, for the management of cancer-related pain.
Authors note that further evidence is needed in the areas of dose response and treatment for breakthrough pain.
Opioids by various routes remain the mainstay of cancer-pain management. Some evidence suggests that the addition of an NSAID can improve results and that use of fentanyl formulated for rapid onset and short duration is effective and well tolerated for breakthrough pain. Additional research in breakthrough pain is needed.